Sporotrichosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted via posttraumatic inoculation to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation. | ''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted via posttraumatic [[inoculation]] to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Transmission=== | ===Transmission=== | ||
*''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent. | *''S. schenckii'' is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic [[inoculation]]. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent. | ||
*Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus. | *Modes of transmission either lead to direct [[inoculation]] or enable the entry of the [[fungus]]. | ||
:* Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable ''S. schenckii'' entry. | :* Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable ''S. schenckii'' entry. | ||
===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
*The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.<ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735 }} </ref> | *The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.<ref name="pmid25614735">{{cite journal| author=Mahajan VK| title=Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options. | journal=Dermatol Res Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 2014 | issue= | pages= 272376 | pmid=25614735 | doi=10.1155/2014/272376 | pmc=PMC4295339 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25614735 }} </ref> | ||
*''S. schenckii'' is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.<ref name="Carlos">{{cite journal |author=Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC |title=Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19241140 |doi=10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z}}</ref> | *''S. schenckii'' is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by [[macrophages]].<ref name="Carlos">{{cite journal |author=Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC |title=Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=July 2009 |pmid=19241140 |doi=10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z}}</ref> | ||
====Cutaneous forms==== | ====Cutaneous forms==== | ||
:* ''S. schecknii'' accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma. | :* ''S. schecknii'' accesses the subcutaneous tissue following minor epidermal trauma. | ||
:* ''S. schecknii,'' a thermo-dependent fungus, converts into its yeast form upon entering the tissue. | :* ''S. schecknii,'' a thermo-dependent [[fungus]], converts into its [[yeast]] form upon entering the tissue. | ||
* Fixed form | * Fixed form | ||
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' stays localized in subcutaneous tissue | ** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' stays localized in subcutaneous tissue | ||
* Lymphocutaneous form | * Lymphocutaneous form | ||
** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels | ** The yeast form of ''S. schenckii'' extends through the nearby [[Lymphatic system|lymphatic]] vessels | ||
* Disseminated cutaneous form | * Disseminated cutaneous form | ||
** Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''. | ** Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''. | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
**Manifests following inhalation of ''S. schenckii'' spores | **Manifests following inhalation of ''S. schenckii'' spores | ||
*Disseminated form | *Disseminated form | ||
**Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of ''S. schenckii''.<ref name="pmid21976602">{{cite journal| author=Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO| title=Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 633-54 | pmid=21976602 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00007-11 | pmc=PMC3194828 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21976602 }} </ref> | **Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the [[yeast]] form of ''S. schenckii''.<ref name="pmid21976602">{{cite journal| author=Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO| title=Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2011 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 633-54 | pmid=21976602 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00007-11 | pmc=PMC3194828 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21976602 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:14, 28 January 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]
Overview
S. schenckii is usually transmitted via posttraumatic inoculation to the human host, however, infrequently sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation.
Pathophysiology
Transmission
- S. schenckii is usually transmitted to the human host via posttraumatic inoculation. However, sporotrichosis may also develop as a result of spore inhalation, although this mode of transmission is infrequent.
- Modes of transmission either lead to direct inoculation or enable the entry of the fungus.
- Actions, such as handling thorny plants, sphagnum moss, bales of hay, or any plant or plant product that can cause skin trauma, may enable S. schenckii entry.
Pathogenesis
- The pathophysiology of sporotrichosis depends on the histological subtype and the frequently nonspecific histopathology may mimic other granulomatous diseases.[1]
- S. schenckii is capable of modulating the immune response to promote its own survival by blocking cytokine production by macrophages.[2]
Cutaneous forms
- Fixed form
- The yeast form of S. schenckii stays localized in subcutaneous tissue
- Lymphocutaneous form
- The yeast form of S. schenckii extends through the nearby lymphatic vessels
- Disseminated cutaneous form
- Manifests upon the hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of S. schenckii.
Extracutaneous/Systematic Forms
- Osteoarticular form
- May manifest upon contiguity or hematogenous spread.
- Pulmonary form
- Manifests following inhalation of S. schenckii spores
- Disseminated form
References
- ↑ Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
- ↑ Carlos IZ, Sassá MF, da Graça Sgarbi DB, Placeres MC, Maia DC (July 2009). "Current research on the immune response to experimental sporotrichosis". Mycopathologia. 168 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9190-z. PMID 19241140.
- ↑ Barros MB, de Almeida Paes R, Schubach AO (2011). "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 24 (4): 633–54. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11. PMC 3194828. PMID 21976602.