Sporotrichosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alison Leibowitz [2]
Overview
Sporothrix schenckii can be found throughout the world in soil and plant matter. Peru is suspected to be an area where S. schenckii is extremely common in the environment. Outbreaks of sporotrichosis have been documented in both developing and developed countries.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The global incidence of sporotrichosis is unknown, with significant variation in occurrence rates between countries.
- The incidence of sporotrichosis is approximately 0.1-0.2 per 100,000 individuals within the United States, with roughly 200-250 cases reported every year. [1]
Age
- While patients of all age groups may develop sporotrichosis, the association between age and and occurrence largely depends on region.
- Within developed countries, the incidence of sporotrichosis is highest among adults.
- Conversely, within tropical areas and nations in which the disease is more prevalent, sporotrichosis may be more prevalent in adolescents and children. [2]
- The fixed cutaneous form of sporotrichosis is more common in children than in adults.[3]
Sex
- As a result of increased exposure risk, particularly in developing countries, males are more commonly affected by sporotrichosis than females. The exact ratio between the sexes is unknown.
Impacted Regions
- Sporotrichosis commonly occurs in areas characterized by warm (15-25°C), humid (90%) climates, as this environment is ideal for saprophytic fungus to thrive. However, epidemics are not limited to these areas.[4]
Incidences of sporotrichosis have been recorded in:
- China
- Japan
- Vietnam
- Central and South America (Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru)
- Peru: There is a particularly high occurrence rate of sporotrichosis in Peru. The incidence of sporotrichosis within the Peruvian highlands is 100 per 100,000 individuals.
- South Africa[5]
- Uruguay
- India[6]
- United States: The largest recorded epidemic of sporotrichosis in the United States occurred in 1988 and involved a total of 84 cases in15 states. All cases were associated with Wisconsin-grown sphagnum moss. [7]
- Western Australia: A cluster of sporotrichosis cases occurred in the Busselton-Margaret River region of Western Australia from 2000 to 2003. [8]
References
- ↑ Dixon DM, Salkin IF, Duncan RA, Hurd NJ, Haines JH, Kemna ME, et al. Isolation and characterization of Sporothrix schenckii from clinical and environmental sources associated with the largest U.S. epidemic of sporotrichosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jun. 29(6):1106-13.
- ↑ "Sporotrichosis Statistics". CDC.Gov. Center for Disease Control. 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ↑ Nascimento RC, Almeida SR (2005). "Humoral immune response against soluble and fractionate antigens in experimental sporotrichosis". FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 43 (2): 241–7. doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.08.004. PMID 15681154.
- ↑ Mahajan VK (2014). "Sporotrichosis: an overview and therapeutic options". Dermatol Res Pract. 2014: 272376. doi:10.1155/2014/272376. PMC 4295339. PMID 25614735.
- ↑ Gaudin E, Petricek V, Boucher F, Taulelle F, Evain M (2000). "Structures and phase transitions of the A7PSe6 (A = ag, Cu) argyrodite-type ionic conductors. III. alpha-Cu7PSe6". Acta Crystallogr B. 56 (Pt 6): 972–9. PMID 11099962.
- ↑ Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma RC, Gupta ML, Garg G, Kanga AK (2005). "Cutaneous sporotrichosis in Himachal Pradesh, India". Mycoses. 48 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01058.x. PMID 15679662.
- ↑ "Isolation and characterization of Sporothrix schenckii from clinical and environmental sources associated with the largest U.S. epidemic of sporotrichosis". ncbi.nlm.nih.Gov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ↑ "Outbreak of Sporotrichosis, Western Australia". ncbi.nlm.nih.Gov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 12007. Retrieved January 5, 2015. Check date values in:
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