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{{Retinoblastoma}}
{{Retinoblastoma}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
 
The incidence of retinoblastoma in US is approximately 4.3 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.<ref name="SEER">  Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2 2015</ref> The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. An average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with bilateral disease is 12 months and for children with unilateral disease an average age at diagnosis is 24 months.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW| title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 132 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 505-8 | pmid=9544909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9544909  }} </ref> Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref> There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Incidence==
===Incidence===
The incidence of retinoblastoma in US is approximately 4.3 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.<ref name="SEER">  Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2 2015</ref>  The age-adjusted annual incidence in children aged 0 to 4 years is 10 to 14 cases per 1 million (approximately one in 14,000–18,000 live births). Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 1 case of retinoblastoma per 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide.<ref name="pmid15579980">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Schefler AC| title=Update on retinoblastoma. | journal=Retina | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 6 | pages= 828-48 | pmid=15579980 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15579980  }} </ref>
The incidence of retinoblastoma in US is approximately 4.3 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.<ref name="SEER">  Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2 2015</ref>  The age-adjusted annual incidence in children aged 0 to 4 years is 10 to 14 cases per 1 million (approximately one in 14,000–18,000 live births).<ref name="NIH">  Retinoblastoma. National Cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/hp/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 2 2015</ref> In the US, there are 250 to 350 new cases of retinoblastoma per year. Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 1 case of retinoblastoma per 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide.<ref name="pmid15579980">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Schefler AC| title=Update on retinoblastoma. | journal=Retina | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 6 | pages= 828-48 | pmid=15579980 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15579980  }} </ref>
 
===Age===
Thus, while the estimated annual incidence in the United States is approximately four cases per 1 million children younger than 15 years,
The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. An average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with bilateral disease is 12 months and for children with unilateral disease an average age at diagnosis is 24 months.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW| title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 132 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 505-8 | pmid=9544909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9544909  }} </ref> Approximately 95% of children with retinoblastoma present before the age of 5 years.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>. However, cases of newly diagnosed retinoblastoma have been reported in children as old as 18 years<ref name="pmid4132770">{{cite journal| author=Binder PS| title=Unusual manifestations of retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 1974 | volume= 77 | issue= 5 | pages= 674-9 | pmid=4132770 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4132770  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6830100">{{cite journal| author=Zakka KA, Yee RD, Foos RY| title=Retinoblastoma in a 12-year-old girl. | journal=Ann Ophthalmol | year= 1983 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 88-91 | pmid=6830100 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6830100  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1018212 [">{{cite journal| author=Shields JA, Michelson JB, Leonard BC, Thompson R| title=Retinoblastoma in an eighteen-year-old male. | journal=J Pediatr Ophthalmol | year= 1976 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 274-7 | pmid=1018212 [ | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1018212  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2023762">{{cite journal| author=Shields CL, Shields JA, Shah P| title=Retinoblastoma in older children. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1991 | volume= 98 | issue= 3 | pages= 395-9 | pmid=2023762 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2023762  }} </ref> and even in adults.<ref name="pmid6856254">{{cite journal| author=Takahashi T, Tamura S, Inoue M, Isayama Y, Sashikata T| title=Retinoblastoma in a 26-year-old adult. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1983 | volume= 90 | issue= 2 | pages= 179-83 | pmid=6856254 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6856254  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9373097">{{cite journal| author=Biswas J| title=Unilateral retinoblastoma in an adult. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1997 | volume= 104 | issue= 11 | pages= 1728 | pmid=9373097 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9373097  }} </ref><ref name="pmid70718[">{{cite journal| author=Berkeley JS, Kalita BC| title=Retinoblastoma in an adult. | journal=Lancet | year= 1977 | volume= 2 | issue= 8036 | pages= 508-9 | pmid=70718[ | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=70718  }} </ref>
The incidence of retinoblastoma is 1 in 12,000 to 30,000 live births. [6] In the US, there are 250 to 350 new cases per year. The incidence in the US is relatively low at 3.58 cases per year per million children under 15 years of age. For many years, the reported median age at diagnosis has been 18 months, with the median age of diagnosis of bilateral cases occurring at 12 months and of unilateral cases at 24 months. [7] Recently, however, European investigators have questioned the basis on which these epidemiologic assumptions are made and have reported that the age at diagnosis of unilateral cases may be equal to that of bilateral cases.
===Gender===
Here are some highlights listed by the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) about the incidence of retinoblastoma among children and adolescents.<ref> http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/childhood/retinoblastoma.pdf </ref>
Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
 
===Race===
* Retinoblastoma accounted for approximately 11% of cancers developing in the first year of life,but for only 3% of the cancers developing among children younger than 15 years of age.
There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
* In the US, approximately 300 children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age are diagnosed with retinoblastomas each year.
* The vast majority of cases of retinoblastoma occur among young children with almost two-thirds(63%) of retinoblastomas occuring before the age of two years and 95% occuring before the age of 5 years.
* The incidence of bilateral tumors was strongly age dependent with 42% of the retinoblastomas occuring in children less than one year of age being bilateral compared to 21% of those among children aged one year, and only 9% among older children.
* Rates of retinoblastoma were the same among males (3.7 per million) and females (4.0 per million) and also among whites (3.7 per million) and blacks (4.0 per million).
* There was no subsantial change in the retinoblastoma incidence during the 21 year period, 1975-95.
* It is estimated that 38.2% of patients with hereditary retinoblastoma will develop a secondary malignancy with an associated long-term mortality rate of 26%.
* Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 1 case of retinoblastoma per 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide. A higher incidence is noted in developing countries, this has been implicated to lower socioeconomic status and the presence of human papilloma virus sequences in the retinoblastoma tissue.
* Almost 80% of children with retinoblastoma are diagnosed before 3 years of age and diagnosis in children above 6 years of age is extremely rare. In the UK, bilateral cases usually present within 14–16 months, while diagnosis of unilateral cases peaks between 24 and 30 months.
 
==References==
==References==
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Revision as of 19:04, 11 October 2015

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Overview

The incidence of retinoblastoma in US is approximately 4.3 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.[1] The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. An average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with bilateral disease is 12 months and for children with unilateral disease an average age at diagnosis is 24 months.[2] Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.[3] There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.[3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

The incidence of retinoblastoma in US is approximately 4.3 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.[1] The age-adjusted annual incidence in children aged 0 to 4 years is 10 to 14 cases per 1 million (approximately one in 14,000–18,000 live births).[4] In the US, there are 250 to 350 new cases of retinoblastoma per year. Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 1 case of retinoblastoma per 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide.[5]

Age

The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. An average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with bilateral disease is 12 months and for children with unilateral disease an average age at diagnosis is 24 months.[2] Approximately 95% of children with retinoblastoma present before the age of 5 years.[3]. However, cases of newly diagnosed retinoblastoma have been reported in children as old as 18 years[6][7][8][9] and even in adults.[10][11][12]

Gender

Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.[3]

Race

There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.[3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2 2015
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW (1998). "Presenting signs of retinoblastoma". J Pediatr. 132 (3 Pt 1): 505–8. PMID 9544909.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD (2009). "Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004". Br J Ophthalmol. 93 (1): 21–3. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.138750. PMID 18621794.
  4. ↑ Retinoblastoma. National Cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/hp/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 2 2015
  5. ↑ Abramson DH, Schefler AC (2004). "Update on retinoblastoma". Retina. 24 (6): 828–48. PMID 15579980.
  6. ↑ Binder PS (1974). "Unusual manifestations of retinoblastoma". Am J Ophthalmol. 77 (5): 674–9. PMID 4132770.
  7. ↑ Zakka KA, Yee RD, Foos RY (1983). "Retinoblastoma in a 12-year-old girl". Ann Ophthalmol. 15 (1): 88–91. PMID 6830100.
  8. ↑ Shields JA, Michelson JB, Leonard BC, Thompson R (1976). "Retinoblastoma in an eighteen-year-old male". J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 13 (5): 274–7. PMID [ 1018212 [ Check |pmid= value (help).
  9. ↑ Shields CL, Shields JA, Shah P (1991). "Retinoblastoma in older children". Ophthalmology. 98 (3): 395–9. PMID 2023762.
  10. ↑ Takahashi T, Tamura S, Inoue M, Isayama Y, Sashikata T (1983). "Retinoblastoma in a 26-year-old adult". Ophthalmology. 90 (2): 179–83. PMID 6856254.
  11. ↑ Biswas J (1997). "Unilateral retinoblastoma in an adult". Ophthalmology. 104 (11): 1728. PMID 9373097.
  12. ↑ Berkeley JS, Kalita BC (1977). "Retinoblastoma in an adult". Lancet. 2 (8036): 508–9. PMID [ 70718[ Check |pmid= value (help).

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