Fungal meningitis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]
[[Fungal meningitis]] rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, [[immunosuppression]] and travel history to areas where specific [[fungi]] are endemic are risk factors for [[fungal meningitis]]. <ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7004196">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT| title=Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1980 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 177-94 | pmid=7004196 | doi= | pmc=1903580 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7004196  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3992427">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Sabouraudia | year= 1985 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-45 | pmid=3992427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3992427  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3899932">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1985 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-6 | pmid=3899932 | doi= | pmc=262129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3899932  }} </ref>
 
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref>
Risk factors in the development of [[fungal meningitis]] include:<ref name="pmid26392507">{{cite journal| author=Morgand M, Rammaert B, Poirée S, Bougnoux ME, Tran H, Kania R et al.| title=Chronic Invasive Aspergillus Sinusitis and Otitis with Meningeal Extension Successfully Treated with Voriconazole. | journal=Antimicrob Agents Chemother | year= 2015 | volume= 59 | issue= 12 | pages= 7857-61 | pmid=26392507 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01506-15 | pmc=4649149 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26392507  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17921648">{{cite journal| author=Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN et al.| title=Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario. | journal=Neurol India | year= 2007 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 198-215 | pmid=17921648 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17921648  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12751260">{{cite journal| author=Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA| title=Coccidioidomycosis. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2003 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 41-57, viii | pmid=12751260 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12751260  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11429020">{{cite journal| author=Singh N, Husain S| title=Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients. | journal=Transpl Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 101-11 | pmid=11429020 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11429020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11229838">{{cite journal| author=Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D et al.| title=Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2001 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 708-15 | pmid=11229838 | doi=10.1086/319203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11229838  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11051295">{{cite journal| author=Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR| title=Fungal meningitis. | journal=Semin Neurol | year= 2000 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 307-22 | pmid=11051295 | doi=10.1055/s-2000-9394 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11051295  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7004196">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Lang SD, Durack DT| title=Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. | journal=Am J Pathol | year= 1980 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 177-94 | pmid=7004196 | doi= | pmc=1903580 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7004196  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3992427">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Chemotactic activity of cerebrospinal fluid in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Sabouraudia | year= 1985 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-45 | pmid=3992427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3992427  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3899932">{{cite journal| author=Perfect JR, Durack DT| title=Effects of cyclosporine in experimental cryptococcal meningitis. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1985 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 22-6 | pmid=3899932 | doi= | pmc=262129 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3899932  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3275587">{{cite journal| author=Mody CH, Toews GB, Lipscomb MF| title=Cyclosporin A inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1988 | volume= 56 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-12 | pmid=3275587 | doi= | pmc=259224 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3275587  }} </ref>
*''[[Aspergillus sp.]]''
 
 
===Risk factors by the causative organism===
*'''[[Aspergillus|Aspergillus sp.]]'''
**[[Sinusitis]]
**[[Sinusitis]]
**[[Granulocytopenia]]
**[[Granulocytopenia]]
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**Persons with [[diabetes]] and  
**Persons with [[diabetes]] and  
**[[Smoking]]
**[[Smoking]]
*''[[Candida sp.]]''
*''[[Candida|Candida sp.]]''
**[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
**[[IV drug abusers|IV drug abuse]]
**Post surgery
**Post surgery
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*''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''
*''[[Cryptococcus neoformans]]''
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**Immune suppression examples  systemic neoplasia and organ transplantation
**[[Immune suppression]] (examples  [[Neoplasia|systemic neoplasia]] and [[organ transplantation]])
**Pigeon exposure
**Pigeon exposure
**Skin and other organ involvement due to [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] infection
**Skin and other organ involvement due to [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] infection
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**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus|Human immunodeficiency virus]] ([[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]) / [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] ([[AIDS]])
**[[Mucosal]] lesions
**[[Mucosal]] lesions
*''Pseudoallescheria boydii''
*''[[Pseudallescheria boydii|Pseudallescheria]]'' [[Pseudallescheria boydii|''boydii'']]
**Water [[aspiration]]
**Water [[aspiration]]
*''[[Sporothrix schenckii]]''
*''[[Sporothrix schenckii]]''
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**[[IV drug use]]
**[[IV drug use]]
**[[Ulcerated lesion|Ulcerated]] skin lesion<ref>Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>
**[[Ulcerated lesion|Ulcerated]] skin lesion<ref>Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.</ref>
===Risk factors in children===
Children with the following conditions have higher [[incidence]] of fungal meningitis:
*[[Myeloperoxidase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid6834633">{{cite journal| author=Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, Thomas K, dela Cruz A, Ahdieh H et al.| title=Immune deficiency syndrome in children. | journal=JAMA | year= 1983 | volume= 249 | issue= 17 | pages= 2345-9 | pmid=6834633 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6834633  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8381226">{{cite journal| author=Ludviksson BR, Thorarensen O, Gudnason T, Halldorsson S| title=Candida albicans meningitis in a child with myeloperoxidase deficiency. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1993 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 162-4 | pmid=8381226 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8381226  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic granulomatous disease]] of childhood<ref name="pmid7195647">{{cite journal| author=Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L et al.| title=Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-66 | pmid=7195647 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7195647  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3706396">{{cite journal| author=Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI| title=Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 291 | issue= 5 | pages= 334-41 | pmid=3706396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3706396  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis]]<ref name="pmid8160723">{{cite journal| author=Germain M, Gourdeau M, Hébert J| title=Case report: familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis complicated by deep candida infection. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1994 | volume= 307 | issue= 4 | pages= 282-3 | pmid=8160723 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8160723  }} </ref>
* [[White blood cells|White blood cell]] defects<ref name="pmid7195647">{{cite journal| author=Cohen MS, Isturiz RE, Malech HL, Root RK, Wilfert CM, Gutman L et al.| title=Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1981 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 59-66 | pmid=7195647 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7195647  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3706396">{{cite journal| author=Fleischmann J, Church JA, Lehrer RI| title=Primary Candida meningitis and chronic granulomatous disease. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1986 | volume= 291 | issue= 5 | pages= 334-41 | pmid=3706396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3706396  }} </ref>
*[[Severe combined immunodeficiency]] [[Severe combined immunodeficiency|SCID]]<ref name="pmid6726524">{{cite journal| author=Smego RA, Devoe PW, Sampson HA, Perfect JR, Wilfert CM, Buckley RH| title=Candida meningitis in two children with severe combined immunodeficiency. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1984 | volume= 104 | issue= 6 | pages= 902-4 | pmid=6726524 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6726524  }} </ref>
*Advanced [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid9314460">{{cite journal| author=Casado JL, Quereda C, Oliva J, Navas E, Moreno A, Pintado V et al.| title=Candidal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: analysis of 14 cases. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 673-6 | pmid=9314460 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314460  }} </ref>
*Direct extension via [[trauma]] <ref name="pmid10442428">{{cite journal| author=Brenier-Pinchart MP, Leclercq P, Mallié M, Bettega G| title=Candida meningitis possibly resulting from a harpoon injury. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 454-5 | pmid=10442428 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10442428  }} </ref>
*Post [[ventriculostomy]] placement, or ventricular shunts, especially after [[antibacterial]] therapy<ref name="pmid21431456">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien D, Stevens NT, Lim CH, O'Brien DF, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F et al.| title=Candida infection of the central nervous system following neurosurgery: a 12-year review. | journal=Acta Neurochir (Wien) | year= 2011 | volume= 153 | issue= 6 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=21431456 | doi=10.1007/s00701-011-0990-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21431456  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8562739">{{cite journal| author=Nguyen MH, Yu VL| title=Meningitis caused by Candida species: an emerging problem in neurosurgical patients. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-7 | pmid=8562739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8562739  }} </ref>
*Use of bischloroethylnitrosourea [[polymer]] wafers implanted for local therapy of [[CNS tumor|CNS malignancies]]<ref name="pmid21158511">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien D, Cotter M, Lim CH, Sattar MT, Smyth E, Fitzpatrick F| title=Candida parapsilosis meningitis associated with Gliadel (BCNU) wafer implants. | journal=Br J Neurosurg | year= 2011 | volume= 25 | issue= 2 | pages= 289-91 | pmid=21158511 | doi=10.3109/02688697.2010.534202 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21158511  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20028954">{{cite journal| author=Glick JA, Graham RS, Voils SA| title=Candida meningitis post Gliadel wafer placement successfully treated with intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 2010 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 215-8 | pmid=20028954 | doi=10.1345/aph.1M453 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20028954  }} </ref>
* CNS drains and catheters represent disease<ref name="pmid10452649">{{cite journal| author=Geers TA, Gordon SM| title=Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 1139-47 | pmid=10452649 | doi=10.1086/514755 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10452649  }} </ref>
* In [[premature]] [[infants]] and [[neonates]]<ref name="pmid10987705">{{cite journal| author=Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Noyola DE, Baker CJ| title=Candidal meningitis in neonates: a 10-year review. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 458-63 | pmid=10987705 | doi=10.1086/313973 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10987705  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 21:48, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Fungal meningitis rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, immunosuppression and travel history to areas where specific fungi are endemic are risk factors for fungal meningitis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Risk Factors

Risk factors in the development of fungal meningitis include:[9][10][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][11]


Risk factors by the causative organism


Risk factors in children

Children with the following conditions have higher incidence of fungal meningitis:

  • CNS drains and catheters represent disease[25]

References

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