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==Overview==
==Overview==
The ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood is a risk factor for listeriosis.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  [[Immunosuppressed]] patients, neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients have higher risk of contracting [[listeriosis]].<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>  Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include [[immunosuppressed]] patients (e.g. [[transplant]] recipients, patients with history of [[splenectomy]], patients receiving [[immunosuppressive therapy]], or patients with advanced [[diabetes]], [[kidney disease|kidney]]/ [[liver disease]], or active [[malignancy]]),  [[neonates]], [[pregnant]] women, and elderly patients.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Contaminated Food===
===Ingestion of Contaminated Food===
The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>
* Uncooked meats and vegetables
* Uncooked meats and vegetables
* Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
* Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
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* Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
* Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
* Smoked seafood
* Smoked seafood
* Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)<ref name=Sources>Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/sources.html]</ref>
* Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)
 
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>
Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.<ref name="www.cdc.gov">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/prevention.html | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = }}</ref>


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===People at Risk===
===High Risk Populations===
The following are considered populations at high risk of developing [[listeria]] [[bacteremia]] and neurolisteriosis:<ref name="pmid28139432">{{cite journal |vauthors=Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M |title=Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=28139432 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22157172">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC |title=Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=652–60 |year=2012 |pmid=22157172 |doi=10.1093/cid/cir902 |url=}}</ref>
====Pregnant Women====
====Pregnant Women====
About one in seven (14%) cases of [[listeriosis]] occurs during pregnancy. Pregnant women are about 10 times more likely than the general population to be [[infected]]. Pregnant Hispanic women are about 24 times more likely than the general population to get [[listeriosis]].<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*[[Pregnant]] women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Approximately 25% to 30% of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among [[pregnant]] women.


====Older Adults====
====Hispanic Ethnicity====
More than half (58%) of Listeria [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age. Adults 65 years and older are about 4 times more likely than the general population to be [[infected]].<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>
*The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by [[pregnancy]].
 
====Neonates====
*[[Neonates]] are at high risk of developing listeriosis.
*Transmission of ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' to [[neonates]] occurs either in-utero or during [[delivery]].
 
====Elderly Individuals====
*More than half (58%) of all ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' [[infections]] occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
*Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.<ref name="-2013">{{Cite journal  | title = Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011. | journal = MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | volume = 62 | issue = 22 | pages = 448-52 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi =  | PMID = 23739339 }}</ref>


====Immnosuppression====
====Immnosuppression====
Immunosupressed individuals have a higher risk for [[infection]] due to underlying medical conditions such as [[cancer]] and [[immunosuppressant|immunosuppresive therapy]] (i.e., [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], [[Monoclonal antibodies]]such as [[Vedolizumab]]), [[Liver damage|liver]] or [[kidney disease]], [[diabetes]], [[alcoholism]], and [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]). [[AIDS]] patients are almost 300 times more likely to get [[listeriosis]] than people with normal [[immune systems]].
*[[Immunosuppressed]] individuals have a higher risk of developing listeriosis.
 
*Immunosuppressed conditions include [[organ transplantation]], history of [[splenectomy]], active [[malignancy]], administration of either [[steroids]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiation]], or [[monoclonal antibodies]], advanced [[Liver Disease|liver]] or [[kidney disease]], [[diabetes mellitus]], or [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].
====Newborn Babies====
Newborn babies suffer the most serious effects of listeriosis in [[pregnancy]].


==References==
==References==
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [3]

Overview

Risk factors in the development of listeriosis include ingestion of uncooked meats and vegetables, unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, processed (or ready-to-eat) meats, and smoked seafood.[1] Populations at higher risk of developing listeriosis include immunosuppressed patients (e.g. transplant recipients, patients with history of splenectomy, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, or patients with advanced diabetes, kidney/ liver disease, or active malignancy), neonates, pregnant women, and elderly patients.[2]

Risk Factors

Ingestion of Contaminated Food

The following foods may be associated with higher risk of developing listeriosis:[1]

  • Uncooked meats and vegetables
  • Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses as well as other foods made from unpasteurized milk
  • Cooked or processed foods, including certain soft cheeses
  • Processed eady-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs and deli meats (contamination may occur after factory cooking but before packaging or even at the deli counter)
  • Smoked seafood
  • Mexican-style cheeses (such as queso fresco)

Shown below is a table summarizing low and high risk cheese types.[3]

Higher Risk Cheese Type Lower Risk Cheese type
Soft cheeses made from unpasteurized (raw) milk, such as:
  • Queso fresco
  • Blue-veined
  • Feta
  • Brie
  • Camembert
  • Soft cheeses that are clearly labeled "made from pasteurized milk"
  • Processed cheeses
  • Cream cheese
  • Mozzarella
  • Hard cheeses

High Risk Populations

The following are considered populations at high risk of developing listeria bacteremia and neurolisteriosis:[4][5]

Pregnant Women

  • Pregnant women are approximately 10-24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
  • Approximately 25% to 30% of all Listeria infections occur among pregnant women.

Hispanic Ethnicity

  • Pregnant Hispanic women are approximately 24 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]
  • The association between Hispanic ethnicity and listeriosis is unconfirmed and may be confounded by pregnancy.

Neonates

Elderly Individuals

  • More than half (58%) of all Listeria infections occur among adults older than 65 years of age.
  • Adults 65 years and older are approximately 4 times more likely than the general population to develop listeriosis.[6]

Immnosuppression

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Listeria (Listeriosis) Sources. CDC.gov accessed on 7/25/2014 [1]
  2. ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "CDC - Prevention - Listeriosis".
  4. ↑ Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, Lopes A, Maury MM, Moura A, Goffinet F, Dieye HB, Thouvenot P, Ungeheuer MN, Tourdjman M, Goulet V, de Valk H, Lortholary O, Ravaud P, Lecuit M (2017). "Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study". Lancet Infect Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30521-7. PMID 28139432.
  5. ↑ Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC (2012). "Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 54 (5): 652–60. doi:10.1093/cid/cir902. PMID 22157172.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks--United States, 2009-2011". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 62 (22): 448–52. 2013. PMID 23739339. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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