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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | {{Milk-alkali syndrome}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}} | |||
== Overview == | |||
Effective measures for the primary [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of milk-alkali syndrome include public education about the potential adverse effects of [[calcium]] supplements. [[Calcium]] intake less than 2 g/daily is usually safe, however, 1.2 to 1.5 g/daily of [[calcium]] intake should be taken by individuals with [[Risk factor|risk factors]] for milk-alkali syndrome. | |||
== Primary prevention == | |||
Effective measures for the primary [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of milk-alkali syndrome include:<ref name="pmid19252114">{{cite journal| author=Medarov BI| title=Milk-alkali syndrome. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2009 | volume= 84 | issue= 3 | pages= 261-7 | pmid=19252114 | doi=10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0 | pmc=2664604 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19252114 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7891547">{{cite journal| author=Beall DP, Scofield RH| title=Milk-alkali syndrome associated with calcium carbonate consumption. Report of 7 patients with parathyroid hormone levels and an estimate of prevalence among patients hospitalized with hypercalcemia. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1995 | volume= 74 | issue= 2 | pages= 89-96 | pmid=7891547 | doi=10.1097/00005792-199503000-00004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7891547 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9274239">{{cite journal| author=Whiting SJ, Wood R, Kim K| title=Calcium supplementation. | journal=J Am Acad Nurse Pract | year= 1997 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 187-92 | pmid=9274239 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9274239 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20413609">{{cite journal| author=Patel AM, Goldfarb S| title=Got calcium? Welcome to the calcium-alkali syndrome. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2010 | volume= 21 | issue= 9 | pages= 1440-3 | pmid=20413609 | doi=10.1681/ASN.2010030255 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20413609 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17699269">{{cite journal| author=Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS| title=Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2006 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 641-54 | pmid=17699269 | doi=10.2215/CJN.01451005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17699269 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16268810">{{cite journal| author=Picolos MK, Lavis VR, Orlander PR| title=Milk-alkali syndrome is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among non-end-stage renal disease (non-ESRD) inpatients. | journal=Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) | year= 2005 | volume= 63 | issue= 5 | pages= 566-76 | pmid=16268810 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02383.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16268810 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23543983">{{cite journal| author=Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M| title=The calcium-alkali syndrome. | journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) | year= 2013 | volume= 26 | issue= 2 | pages= 179-81 | pmid=23543983 | doi=10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954 | pmc=3603742 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23543983 }} </ref> | |||
* Public education about the potential adverse effects of [[calcium]] supplements due to its wide use with the awareness of osteoporosis [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] is important. | |||
* [[Calcium]] intake less than 2 g/daily is usually safe. | |||
* However, 1.2 to 1.5 g/daily of [[calcium]] intake should be taken by individuals with [[Risk factor|risk factors]] for milk-alkali syndrome, such as elderly, preexisting [[Chronic renal failure|chronic renal disease]], concurrent vomiting ([[bulimia nervosa]] or [[hyperemesis gravidarum]] ) and use of certain drugs like [[thiazide]], [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]], and [[ACE inhibitor|ACE inhibitors]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:11, 16 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Effective measures for the primary prevention of milk-alkali syndrome include public education about the potential adverse effects of calcium supplements. Calcium intake less than 2 g/daily is usually safe, however, 1.2 to 1.5 g/daily of calcium intake should be taken by individuals with risk factors for milk-alkali syndrome.
Primary prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of milk-alkali syndrome include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Public education about the potential adverse effects of calcium supplements due to its wide use with the awareness of osteoporosis prevention is important.
- Calcium intake less than 2 g/daily is usually safe.
- However, 1.2 to 1.5 g/daily of calcium intake should be taken by individuals with risk factors for milk-alkali syndrome, such as elderly, preexisting chronic renal disease, concurrent vomiting (bulimia nervosa or hyperemesis gravidarum ) and use of certain drugs like thiazide, NSAIDs, and ACE inhibitors.
References
- ↑ Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
- ↑ Beall DP, Scofield RH (1995). "Milk-alkali syndrome associated with calcium carbonate consumption. Report of 7 patients with parathyroid hormone levels and an estimate of prevalence among patients hospitalized with hypercalcemia". Medicine (Baltimore). 74 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1097/00005792-199503000-00004. PMID 7891547.
- ↑ Whiting SJ, Wood R, Kim K (1997). "Calcium supplementation". J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 9 (4): 187–92. PMID 9274239.
- ↑ Patel AM, Goldfarb S (2010). "Got calcium? Welcome to the calcium-alkali syndrome". J Am Soc Nephrol. 21 (9): 1440–3. doi:10.1681/ASN.2010030255. PMID 20413609.
- ↑ Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS (2006). "Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 (4): 641–54. doi:10.2215/CJN.01451005. PMID 17699269.
- ↑ Picolos MK, Lavis VR, Orlander PR (2005). "Milk-alkali syndrome is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among non-end-stage renal disease (non-ESRD) inpatients". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 63 (5): 566–76. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02383.x. PMID 16268810.
- ↑ Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M (2013). "The calcium-alkali syndrome". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 26 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954. PMC 3603742. PMID 23543983.