Loefflers syndrome epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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{{Loefflers syndrome}} | {{Loefflers syndrome}} | ||
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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
The epidemiological aspect of Löffler's syndrome isn't well known since there have been minimal statistics reported on the topic. | The epidemiological aspect of Löffler's syndrome isn't well known since there have been minimal statistics reported on the topic.<ref name="pmid22754678">Joob B, Wiwanitkit V (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22754678 Loeffler's syndrome, pulmonary ascariasis, in Thailand, rare or under-reported?] ''J Thorac Dis'' 4 (3):339. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.05.03 DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.05.03] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/22754678 22754678]</ref><ref name="pmid14795349">NEMIR RL, HEYMAN A, GORVOY JD, ERVIN EN (1950) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14795349 Pulmonary infiltration and blood eosinophilia in children (Loeffler's syndrome); a review with report of 8 cases.] ''J Pediatr'' 37 (6):819-43. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/14795349 14795349]</ref><ref name="pmid18132076">TOCKER AM (1949) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18132076 Transitory pulmonary infiltrations (Loeffler's syndrome) with case report.] ''J Allergy'' 20 (3):211-21. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18132076 18132076]</ref> | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 19: | ||
*There has been no report of deaths due to Löffler syndrome. | *There has been no report of deaths due to Löffler syndrome. | ||
*Löffler syndrome is a self-limiting, benign condition without significant morbidity. | *Löffler syndrome is a self-limiting, benign condition without significant morbidity. | ||
*Symptoms usually subside within 3-4 weeks. | *Symptoms usually subside within 3-4 weeks.<ref name="pmid23034324">Akuthota P, Weller PF (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23034324 Eosinophilic pneumonias.] ''Clin Microbiol Rev'' 25 (4):649-60. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00025-12 DOI:10.1128/CMR.00025-12] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/23034324 23034324]</ref> | ||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 25: | ||
*Nevertheless, Löffler syndrome more commonly affects young children. | *Nevertheless, Löffler syndrome more commonly affects young children. | ||
*A higher incidence of intestinal helminthiases and hence, Löffler syndrome has been reported in young children because they are more exposed to contaminated soil and because young children exhibit hand-to-mouth behavior more often than adults | *A higher incidence of intestinal helminthiases and hence, Löffler syndrome has been reported in young children because they are more exposed to contaminated soil and because young children exhibit hand-to-mouth behavior more often than adults | ||
===Race=== | |||
*Löffler syndrome usually affects Indians, nevertheless, it has not been well studied whether it is because of the tropical climate, poor sanitary condition or there is a genetic tendency which is very unlikely.<ref name="pmid24995332">Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24995332 Parasitic pneumonia and lung involvement.] ''Biomed Res Int'' 2014 ():874021. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/874021 DOI:10.1155/2014/874021] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24995332 24995332]</ref> | |||
*Löffler syndrome usually affects Indians, nevertheless it has not been well studied whether it is because of the tropical climate, poor sanitary condition or there is a genetic tendency which is very unlikely. | |||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*Löffler syndrome affects men and women equally. | *Löffler syndrome affects men and women equally. | ||
===Region=== | ===Region=== | ||
*The majority of Löffler syndrome cases are reported in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Particularly India. | *The majority of Löffler syndrome cases are reported in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Particularly India.<ref name="pmid27057020">Podder I, Chandra S, Gharami RC (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27057020 Loeffler's Syndrome Following Cutaneous Larva Migrans: An Uncommon Sequel.] ''Indian J Dermatol'' 61 (2):190-2. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.177753 DOI:10.4103/0019-5154.177753] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27057020 27057020]</ref> | ||
===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
* In the United States, 20-67% of children in rural southern communities have been reported to suffer from ascariasis; | * In the United States, 20-67% of children in rural southern communities have been reported to suffer from ascariasis;<ref name="pmid21976572">Starr MC, Montgomery SP (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21976572 Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010.] ''Am J Trop Med Hyg'' 85 (4):680-4. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214 DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21976572 21976572]</ref><ref name="pmid29928187">Shah J, Shahidullah A (2018) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29928187 Ascaris lumbricoides: A Startling Discovery during Screening Colonoscopy.] ''Case Rep Gastroenterol'' 12 (2):224-229. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489486 DOI:10.1159/000489486] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29928187 29928187]</ref> | ||
* Nevertheless, there are no specific statistics for the occurrence of Löffler syndrome. | * Nevertheless, there are no specific statistics for the occurrence of Löffler syndrome. | ||
* Globalization increased immigration, and travel warrants alertness of US physicians and the other health care works of developed countries, because an encounter with imported tropical diseases and thus the resulted Löffler syndrome could be more likely nowadays. | * Globalization increased immigration, and travel warrants alertness of US physicians and the other health care works of developed countries, because an encounter with imported tropical diseases and thus the resulted Löffler syndrome could be more likely nowadays. | ||
===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
* Löffler syndrome is due to intestinal helminth infections with a pulmonary cycle which is distributed worldwide; | * Löffler syndrome is due to intestinal helminth infections with a pulmonary cycle which is distributed worldwide;<ref name="pmid6237473"> (1984) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6237473 Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides in Okpo village, rural Burma.] ''Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg'' 78 (4):497-504. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(84)90071-3 DOI:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90071-3] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/6237473 6237473]</ref><ref name="pmid27884213">Gildner TE, Cepon-Robins TJ, Liebert MA, Urlacher SS, Madimenos FC, Snodgrass JJ et al. (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27884213 Regional variation in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections by age cohort and sex: effects of market integration among the indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador.] ''J Physiol Anthropol'' 35 (1):28. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40101-016-0118-2 DOI:10.1186/s40101-016-0118-2] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27884213 27884213]</ref><ref name="pmid29370780">Galgamuwa LS, Iddawela D, Dharmaratne SD (2018) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29370780 Prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infections in relation to undernutrition among children in a tea plantation community, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study.] ''BMC Pediatr'' 18 (1):13. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-0984-3 DOI:10.1186/s12887-018-0984-3] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/29370780 29370780]</ref><ref name="pmid705299">Stürchler D, Imbach P, Gartmann J, Degrémont A (1978) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=705299 [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia].] ''Schweiz Med Wochenschr'' 108 (38):1461-4. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/705299 705299]</ref> | ||
* Nonetheless, parasitic infections such as ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]], [[Ascaris lumbricoides|Ascaris lumbricoides,]] [[Large roundworm of pigs|Ascaris suum]],'' ''[[Necator americanus]]'', ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]'' are more prevalent in tropical areas particularly in communities with low socioeconomic status and poor sanitary conditions. | * Nonetheless, parasitic infections such as ''[[Ancylostoma duodenale]], [[Ascaris lumbricoides|Ascaris lumbricoides,]] [[Large roundworm of pigs|Ascaris suum]],'' ''[[Necator americanus]]'', ''[[Strongyloides stercoralis]]'' are more prevalent in tropical areas particularly in communities with low socioeconomic status and poor sanitary conditions. | ||
Latest revision as of 21:17, 17 May 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]
Overview
Löffler syndrome is due to intestinal helminth infections with a pulmonary cycle which is distributed worldwide; nonetheless, parasitic infections such as Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis are more prevalent in tropical areas particularly in communities with low socioeconomic status and poor sanitary conditions. In the United States, 20-67% of children in rural southern communities have been reported to suffer from ascariasis; Nevertheless, there are no specific statistics for the occurrence of Löffler syndrome. Globalization increased immigration, and travel warrants alertness of US physicians and the other health care works of developed countries, because an encounter with imported tropical diseases and thus the resulted Löffler syndrome could be more likely nowadays. The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of Löffler syndrome is literally zero. There has been no report of deaths due to Löffler syndrome. Löffler syndrome is a self-limiting, benign condition without significant morbidity. Symptoms usually subside within 3-4 weeks.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiological aspect of Löffler's syndrome isn't well known since there have been minimal statistics reported on the topic.[1][2][3]
Incidence
- The incidence of Löffler syndrome is not well studied, neither worldwide nor in the US.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of Löffler syndrome is not well studied, neither worldwide nor in the US.
- In the United States, 20-67% of children in rural southern communities have been reported to suffer from ascariasis; Nevertheless, there are no specific statistics for the occurrence of Löffler syndrome.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of Löffler syndrome is literally zero.
- There has been no report of deaths due to Löffler syndrome.
- Löffler syndrome is a self-limiting, benign condition without significant morbidity.
- Symptoms usually subside within 3-4 weeks.[4]
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop Löffler syndrome.
- Nevertheless, Löffler syndrome more commonly affects young children.
- A higher incidence of intestinal helminthiases and hence, Löffler syndrome has been reported in young children because they are more exposed to contaminated soil and because young children exhibit hand-to-mouth behavior more often than adults
Race
- Löffler syndrome usually affects Indians, nevertheless, it has not been well studied whether it is because of the tropical climate, poor sanitary condition or there is a genetic tendency which is very unlikely.[5]
Gender
- Löffler syndrome affects men and women equally.
Region
- The majority of Löffler syndrome cases are reported in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Particularly India.[6]
Developed Countries
- In the United States, 20-67% of children in rural southern communities have been reported to suffer from ascariasis;[7][8]
- Nevertheless, there are no specific statistics for the occurrence of Löffler syndrome.
- Globalization increased immigration, and travel warrants alertness of US physicians and the other health care works of developed countries, because an encounter with imported tropical diseases and thus the resulted Löffler syndrome could be more likely nowadays.
Developing Countries
- Löffler syndrome is due to intestinal helminth infections with a pulmonary cycle which is distributed worldwide;[9][10][11][12]
- Nonetheless, parasitic infections such as Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris suum, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis are more prevalent in tropical areas particularly in communities with low socioeconomic status and poor sanitary conditions.
References
- ↑ Joob B, Wiwanitkit V (2012) Loeffler's syndrome, pulmonary ascariasis, in Thailand, rare or under-reported? J Thorac Dis 4 (3):339. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.05.03 PMID: 22754678
- ↑ NEMIR RL, HEYMAN A, GORVOY JD, ERVIN EN (1950) Pulmonary infiltration and blood eosinophilia in children (Loeffler's syndrome); a review with report of 8 cases. J Pediatr 37 (6):819-43. PMID: 14795349
- ↑ TOCKER AM (1949) Transitory pulmonary infiltrations (Loeffler's syndrome) with case report. J Allergy 20 (3):211-21. PMID: 18132076
- ↑ Akuthota P, Weller PF (2012) Eosinophilic pneumonias. Clin Microbiol Rev 25 (4):649-60. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00025-12 PMID: 23034324
- ↑ Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R (2014) Parasitic pneumonia and lung involvement. Biomed Res Int 2014 ():874021. DOI:10.1155/2014/874021 PMID: 24995332
- ↑ Podder I, Chandra S, Gharami RC (2016) Loeffler's Syndrome Following Cutaneous Larva Migrans: An Uncommon Sequel. Indian J Dermatol 61 (2):190-2. DOI:10.4103/0019-5154.177753 PMID: 27057020
- ↑ Starr MC, Montgomery SP (2011) Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis in the United States: a systematic review--1940-2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85 (4):680-4. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0214 PMID: 21976572
- ↑ Shah J, Shahidullah A (2018) Ascaris lumbricoides: A Startling Discovery during Screening Colonoscopy. Case Rep Gastroenterol 12 (2):224-229. DOI:10.1159/000489486 PMID: 29928187
- ↑ (1984) Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Ascaris lumbricoides in Okpo village, rural Burma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78 (4):497-504. DOI:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90071-3 PMID: 6237473
- ↑ Gildner TE, Cepon-Robins TJ, Liebert MA, Urlacher SS, Madimenos FC, Snodgrass JJ et al. (2016) Regional variation in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections by age cohort and sex: effects of market integration among the indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador. J Physiol Anthropol 35 (1):28. DOI:10.1186/s40101-016-0118-2 PMID: 27884213
- ↑ Galgamuwa LS, Iddawela D, Dharmaratne SD (2018) Prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infections in relation to undernutrition among children in a tea plantation community, Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 18 (1):13. DOI:10.1186/s12887-018-0984-3 PMID: 29370780
- ↑ Stürchler D, Imbach P, Gartmann J, Degrémont A (1978) [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.] Schweiz Med Wochenschr 108 (38):1461-4. PMID: 705299