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Latest revision as of 14:29, 23 July 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]

Overview

A positive history of trauma, osteoporosis, obesity, congenital defects, Paget's disease, achondroplasia and cigarette smoking is suggestive of spinal stenosis. Most patients with spinal stenosis present with lower extremity pain relieved spinal flexion (e.g sitting, cycling). The pain of spinal stenosis is usually associated with activity and walking, as lumbar extension during activity worsens the narrowing of the spinal canal. Other common symptoms of spinal stenosis include: Numbness or tingling in a hand, arm, foot or leg, weakness in a foot or leg, back pain, weakness in a hand, arm, foot or leg, problems with walking and balance and in severe cases, bowel or bladder dysfunction.

History and Symptoms

A positive history of trauma, osteoporosis, obesity, congenital defects, Paget's disease, achondroplasia and cigarette smoking is suggestive of spinal stenosis.
The most common symptoms of spinal stenosis include lower extremity pain relieved spinal flexion (e.g sitting, cycling).

History

Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:

Osteoporosis^[1]
Obesity^[2]
Cigarette smoking^[3]
Trauma^[4]
Congenital defects^[5]
Paget's disease^[6]
Achondroplasia^[7]

Common Symptoms

Most patients with spinal stenosis present with lower extremity pain relieved spinal flexion (e.g sitting, cycling).^[8]^[9]^[10]

The pain of spinal stenosis is usually associated with activity and walking, as lumbar extension during activity worsens the narrowing of the spinal canal. ^[8]^[9]^[10]

Other common symptoms of spinal stenosis include:
- Numbness or tingling in a hand, arm, foot or leg^[8]
- Weakness in a foot or leg^[11]
- Back pain^[8]^[9]^[10]
- Weakness in a hand, arm, foot or leg^[11]
- Problems with walking and balance^[12]
- In severe cases, bowel or bladder dysfunction ^[13]^[14]^[15]

Type of spinal involvement	Symptoms
Cervical	Headache Neck, shoulder or arm pain Loss of sensation over the upper extremities Motor weakness of neck, shoulder, and arm
Thoracic	Pain in the chest and/or back Loss of sensation below the level of the compression Paralysis of respiratory muscles
Lumbosacral	Low back pain that may radiate down the legs Weakness in the legs and feet Loss of sensation in the legs and feet Bladder and bowel problems Sexual dysfunction Foot drop Decreased or absent reflexes in the legs

References

↑ Lee BH, Moon SH, Kim HJ, Lee HM, Kim TH (2012). "Osteoporotic profiles in elderly patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal canal stenosis". Indian J Orthop. 46 (3): 279–84. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.96379. PMC 3377137. PMID 22719113.
↑ Knutsson B, Sandén B, Sjödén G, Järvholm B, Michaëlsson K (2015). "Body Mass Index and Risk for Clinical Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Cohort Study". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 40 (18): 1451–6. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001038. PMID 26165225.
↑ Jackson KL, Devine JG (2016). "The Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Global Spine J. 6 (7): 695–701. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571285. PMC 5077710. PMID 27781190.
↑ Chang V, Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT (2015). "The Risk of Acute Spinal Cord Injury After Minor Trauma in Patients With Preexisting Cervical Stenosis". Neurosurgery. 77 (4): 561–5, discussion 565. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000888. PMC 4575254. PMID 26191975.
↑ Battié MC, Ortega-Alonso A, Niemelainen R, Gill K, Levalahti E, Videman T; et al. (2014). "Lumbar spinal stenosis is a highly genetic condition partly mediated by disc degeneration". Arthritis Rheumatol. 66 (12): 3505–10. doi:10.1002/art.38823. PMC 4308556. PMID 25155712.
↑ Weisz GM (1983). "Lumbar spinal canal stenosis in Paget's disease". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 8 (2): 192–8. PMID 6857391.
↑ Nelson MA (1972). "Spinal stenosis in achondroplasia". Proc R Soc Med. 65 (11): 1028–9. PMC 1644724. PMID 4264583.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Genevay S, Atlas SJ (2010). "Lumbar spinal stenosis". Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 24 (2): 253–65. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001. PMC 2841052. PMID 20227646.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Ammendolia C (2014). "Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its imposters: three case studies". J Can Chiropr Assoc. 58 (3): 312–9. PMC 4139768. PMID 25202160.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Babb A, Carlson WO (2006). "Spinal stenosis". S D Med. 59 (3): 103–5. PMID 16566302.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Guigui P, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Lassale B, Deburge A (1997). "[Severe motor weakness associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. A retrospective study of a series of 61 patients]". Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 83 (7): 622–8. PMID 9515130.
↑ Iversen MD, Kale MK, Sullivan JT (2009). "Pilot case control study of postural sway and balance performance in aging adults with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". J Geriatr Phys Ther. 32 (1): 15–21. PMID 19856631.
↑ Foster OJ, Harrison MJ, Crockard HA (1987). "Exercise provoked faecal incontinence in spinal stenosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 50 (3): 362–3. PMC 1031810. PMID 3559621.
↑ De Riggo J, Benčo M, Kolarovszki B, Lupták J, Svihra J (2011). "[Urinary incontinence in degenerative spinal disease]". Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 78 (1): 67–70. PMID 21375969.
↑ Truszczyńska-Baszak A, Wysocka E, Starzec M, Drzał-Grabiec J, Tarnowski A (2018). "Urinary incontinence due to lumbar spinal stenosis causing disability and lowering quality of life". J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. doi:10.3233/BMR-170976. PMID 29578476.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid22719113-1] Lee BH, Moon SH, Kim HJ, Lee HM, Kim TH (2012). "Osteoporotic profiles in elderly patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal canal stenosis". Indian J Orthop. 46 (3): 279–84. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.96379. PMC 3377137. PMID 22719113.

[pmid26165225-2] Knutsson B, Sandén B, Sjödén G, Järvholm B, Michaëlsson K (2015). "Body Mass Index and Risk for Clinical Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Cohort Study". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 40 (18): 1451–6. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000001038. PMID 26165225.

[pmid27781190-3] Jackson KL, Devine JG (2016). "The Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Global Spine J. 6 (7): 695–701. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1571285. PMC 5077710. PMID 27781190.

[pmid26191975-4] Chang V, Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT (2015). "The Risk of Acute Spinal Cord Injury After Minor Trauma in Patients With Preexisting Cervical Stenosis". Neurosurgery. 77 (4): 561–5, discussion 565. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000888. PMC 4575254. PMID 26191975.

[pmid25155712-5] Battié MC, Ortega-Alonso A, Niemelainen R, Gill K, Levalahti E, Videman T; et al. (2014). "Lumbar spinal stenosis is a highly genetic condition partly mediated by disc degeneration". Arthritis Rheumatol. 66 (12): 3505–10. doi:10.1002/art.38823. PMC 4308556. PMID 25155712.

[pmid6857391-6] Weisz GM (1983). "Lumbar spinal canal stenosis in Paget's disease". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 8 (2): 192–8. PMID 6857391.

[pmid4264583-7] Nelson MA (1972). "Spinal stenosis in achondroplasia". Proc R Soc Med. 65 (11): 1028–9. PMC 1644724. PMID 4264583.

[pmid20227646-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Genevay S, Atlas SJ (2010). "Lumbar spinal stenosis". Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 24 (2): 253–65. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001. PMC 2841052. PMID 20227646.

[pmid25202160-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Ammendolia C (2014). "Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its imposters: three case studies". J Can Chiropr Assoc. 58 (3): 312–9. PMC 4139768. PMID 25202160.

[pmid16566302-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Babb A, Carlson WO (2006). "Spinal stenosis". S D Med. 59 (3): 103–5. PMID 16566302.

[pmid9515130-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Guigui P, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Lassale B, Deburge A (1997). "[Severe motor weakness associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. A retrospective study of a series of 61 patients]". Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 83 (7): 622–8. PMID 9515130.

[pmid19856631-12] Iversen MD, Kale MK, Sullivan JT (2009). "Pilot case control study of postural sway and balance performance in aging adults with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". J Geriatr Phys Ther. 32 (1): 15–21. PMID 19856631.

[pmid3559621-13] Foster OJ, Harrison MJ, Crockard HA (1987). "Exercise provoked faecal incontinence in spinal stenosis". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 50 (3): 362–3. PMC 1031810. PMID 3559621.

[pmid21375969-14] De Riggo J, Benčo M, Kolarovszki B, Lupták J, Svihra J (2011). "[Urinary incontinence in degenerative spinal disease]". Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 78 (1): 67–70. PMID 21375969.

[pmid29578476-15] Truszczyńska-Baszak A, Wysocka E, Starzec M, Drzał-Grabiec J, Tarnowski A (2018). "Urinary incontinence due to lumbar spinal stenosis causing disability and lowering quality of life". J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. doi:10.3233/BMR-170976. PMID 29578476.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Spinal stenosis}}
-{{CMG}}
-Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MMJ}}
 ==Overview==
-==History==
-==Common Symptoms==
-Often, symptoms will be present and gradually worsen over time. Most often, symptoms will be on one side of the body or the other.
-* Numbness, cramping, or pain in the back, buttocks, thighs, or calves (or problems in the lower back), or in the neck, shoulders, or arms (or problems in the neck)
+A positive history of [[trauma]], [[osteoporosis]], [[obesity]], congenital defects, [[Paget's disease]], [[achondroplasia]] and cigarette smoking is suggestive of spinal stenosis. Most patients with spinal stenosis present with lower extremity pain relieved spinal [[flexion]] (e.g sitting, cycling). The pain of spinal stenosis is usually associated with activity and walking, as [[lumbar]] [[extension]] during activity worsens the narrowing of the [[spinal canal]]. Other common symptoms of spinal stenosis include: Numbness or [[tingling]] in a hand, arm, foot or leg, weakness in a foot or leg, back pain, weakness in a hand, arm, foot or leg, problems with walking and [[Balance disorder|balance]] and in severe cases, [[Bowel|bowe]]<nowiki/>l or [[bladder]] dysfunction.
-* Weakness of a portion of a leg or arm
+==History and Symptoms==
+*A positive history of [[trauma]], [[osteoporosis]], [[obesity]], congenital defects, [[Paget's disease]], [[achondroplasia]] and cigarette smoking is suggestive of spinal stenosis.
+*The most common symptoms of spinal stenosis include lower extremity pain relieved spinal [[flexion]] (e.g sitting, cycling).
+===History===
+Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
+*[[Osteoporosis]]<ref name="pmid22719113">{{cite journal| author=Lee BH, Moon SH, Kim HJ, Lee HM, Kim TH| title=Osteoporotic profiles in elderly patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal canal stenosis. | journal=Indian J Orthop | year= 2012 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 279-84 | pmid=22719113 | doi=10.4103/0019-5413.96379 | pmc=3377137 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22719113  }} </ref>
+*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid26165225">{{cite journal| author=Knutsson B, Sandén B, Sjödén G, Järvholm B, Michaëlsson K| title=Body Mass Index and Risk for Clinical Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Cohort Study. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2015 | volume= 40 | issue= 18 | pages= 1451-6 | pmid=26165225 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0000000000001038 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26165225  }} </ref>
+*Cigarette smoking<ref name="pmid27781190">{{cite journal| author=Jackson KL, Devine JG| title=The Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature. | journal=Global Spine J | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 7 | pages= 695-701 | pmid=27781190 | doi=10.1055/s-0036-1571285 | pmc=5077710 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27781190  }} </ref>
+*[[Trauma]]<ref name="pmid26191975">{{cite journal| author=Chang V, Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT| title=The Risk of Acute Spinal Cord Injury After Minor Trauma in Patients With Preexisting Cervical Stenosis. | journal=Neurosurgery | year= 2015 | volume= 77 | issue= 4 | pages= 561-5; discussion 565 | pmid=26191975 | doi=10.1227/NEU.0000000000000888 | pmc=4575254 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26191975  }} </ref>
+*Congenital defects<ref name="pmid25155712">{{cite journal| author=Battié MC, Ortega-Alonso A, Niemelainen R, Gill K, Levalahti E, Videman T et al.| title=Lumbar spinal stenosis is a highly genetic condition partly mediated by disc degeneration. | journal=Arthritis Rheumatol | year= 2014 | volume= 66 | issue= 12 | pages= 3505-10 | pmid=25155712 | doi=10.1002/art.38823 | pmc=4308556 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25155712  }} </ref>
+*[[Paget's disease]]<ref name="pmid6857391">{{cite journal| author=Weisz GM| title=Lumbar spinal canal stenosis in Paget's disease. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1983 | volume= 8 | issue= 2 | pages= 192-8 | pmid=6857391 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6857391  }} </ref>
+*[[Achondroplasia]]<ref name="pmid4264583">{{cite journal| author=Nelson MA| title=Spinal stenosis in achondroplasia. | journal=Proc R Soc Med | year= 1972 | volume= 65 | issue= 11 | pages= 1028-9 | pmid=4264583 | doi= | pmc=1644724 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4264583  }} </ref>
-Symptoms are more likely to be present or get worse when you stand or walk upright. They will often lessen or disappear when you sit down or lean forward. Most people with spinal stenosis cannot walk for a long period of time.
+===Common Symptoms===
+Most patients with spinal stenosis present with lower extremity pain relieved spinal [[flexion]] (e.g sitting, cycling).<ref name="pmid20227646">{{cite journal| author=Genevay S, Atlas SJ| title=Lumbar spinal stenosis. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 253-65 | pmid=20227646 | doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001 | pmc=2841052 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20227646  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25202160">{{cite journal| author=Ammendolia C| title=Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its imposters: three case studies. | journal=J Can Chiropr Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 312-9 | pmid=25202160 | doi= | pmc=4139768 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25202160  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16566302">{{cite journal| author=Babb A, Carlson WO| title=Spinal stenosis. | journal=S D Med | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 3 | pages= 103-5 | pmid=16566302 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16566302  }} </ref>
-Patients with spinal stenosis may be able to ride a bicycle with little pain.
+The pain of spinal stenosis is usually associated with activity and walking, as [[lumbar]] [[extension]] during activity worsens the narrowing of the [[spinal canal]]. <ref name="pmid20227646">{{cite journal| author=Genevay S, Atlas SJ| title=Lumbar spinal stenosis. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 253-65 | pmid=20227646 | doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001 | pmc=2841052 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20227646  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25202160">{{cite journal| author=Ammendolia C| title=Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its imposters: three case studies. | journal=J Can Chiropr Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 312-9 | pmid=25202160 | doi= | pmc=4139768 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25202160  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16566302">{{cite journal| author=Babb A, Carlson WO| title=Spinal stenosis. | journal=S D Med | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 3 | pages= 103-5 | pmid=16566302 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16566302  }} </ref>
+* Other common symptoms of spinal stenosis include:
+** Numbness or [[tingling]] in a hand, arm, foot or leg<ref name="pmid20227646">{{cite journal| author=Genevay S, Atlas SJ| title=Lumbar spinal stenosis. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 253-65 | pmid=20227646 | doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001 | pmc=2841052 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20227646  }} </ref>
+** Weakness in a foot or leg<ref name="pmid9515130">{{cite journal| author=Guigui P, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Lassale B, Deburge A| title=[Severe motor weakness associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. A retrospective study of a series of 61 patients]. | journal=Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot | year= 1997 | volume= 83 | issue= 7 | pages= 622-8 | pmid=9515130 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9515130  }} </ref>
+** Back pain<ref name="pmid20227646">{{cite journal| author=Genevay S, Atlas SJ| title=Lumbar spinal stenosis. | journal=Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 2 | pages= 253-65 | pmid=20227646 | doi=10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.001 | pmc=2841052 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20227646  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25202160">{{cite journal| author=Ammendolia C| title=Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its imposters: three case studies. | journal=J Can Chiropr Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 58 | issue= 3 | pages= 312-9 | pmid=25202160 | doi= | pmc=4139768 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25202160  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16566302">{{cite journal| author=Babb A, Carlson WO| title=Spinal stenosis. | journal=S D Med | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 3 | pages= 103-5 | pmid=16566302 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16566302  }} </ref>
+** Weakness in a hand, arm, foot or leg<ref name="pmid9515130">{{cite journal| author=Guigui P, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Lassale B, Deburge A| title=[Severe motor weakness associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. A retrospective study of a series of 61 patients]. | journal=Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot | year= 1997 | volume= 83 | issue= 7 | pages= 622-8 | pmid=9515130 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9515130  }} </ref>
+** Problems with walking and [[Balance disorder|balance]]<ref name="pmid19856631">{{cite journal| author=Iversen MD, Kale MK, Sullivan JT| title=Pilot case control study of postural sway and balance performance in aging adults with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. | journal=J Geriatr Phys Ther | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 1 | pages= 15-21 | pmid=19856631 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19856631  }} </ref>
+** In severe cases, [[Bowel|bowe]]<nowiki/>l or [[bladder]] dysfunction <ref name="pmid3559621">{{cite journal| author=Foster OJ, Harrison MJ, Crockard HA| title=Exercise provoked faecal incontinence in spinal stenosis. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 1987 | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-3 | pmid=3559621 | doi= | pmc=1031810 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3559621  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21375969">{{cite journal| author=De Riggo J, Benčo M, Kolarovszki B, Lupták J, Svihra J| title=[Urinary incontinence in degenerative spinal disease]. | journal=Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech | year= 2011 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-70 | pmid=21375969 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21375969  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29578476">{{cite journal| author=Truszczyńska-Baszak A, Wysocka E, Starzec M, Drzał-Grabiec J, Tarnowski A| title=Urinary incontinence due to lumbar spinal stenosis causing disability and lowering quality of life. | journal=J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil | year= 2018 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29578476 | doi=10.3233/BMR-170976 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29578476  }} </ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
+!Type of spinal
+involvement
+!Symptoms
+|-
+|[[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]]
+|[[Headache]]
+[[Neck stiffness/pain|Neck]], [[Shoulder pain|shoulder or arm pain]]
-More serious symptoms include:
+Loss of sensation over the upper extremities
+[[Muscle weakness|Motor weakness]] of neck, shoulder, and arm
+|-
+|[[Thoracic vertebrae|Thoracic]]
+|Pain in the chest and/or back
+Loss of sensation below the level of the compression
+Paralysis of respiratory muscles
+|-
+|[[Lumbar vertebrae|Lumbosacral]]
+|[[Low back pain]] that may radiate down the legs
+[[Muscle weakness|Weakness]] in the legs and feet
+Loss of sensation in the legs and feet
+Bladder and bowel problems
+Sexual dysfunction
+Foot drop
+Decreased or absent reflexes in the legs
+|}
-* Difficulty or imbalance when walking
-* Problems controlling urine or bowel movements
-* Problems urinating or having a bowel movement
-==Less Common Symptoms==
 ==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
-[[Category:Needs content]]
+[[Category: (name of the system)]]
-[[Category:Skeletal disorders]]
-[[Category:Rheumatology]]
-[[Category:Orthopedics]]
-[[Category:Needs Overview]]