Renal ectopia epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly which combines three anatomical abnormalities: ectopia, malrotation and vascular changes and is found more commonly in men than in women with a ratio of 2:1. It accounts for 90% of all fusion anomalies and occurs in about 0.25 % of the population. An incidence of 1 in 666 cases was found after analyzing radiological data of 15320 patients at a single institution. It is estimated the prevalence rates for HSK in adults examined by sonography as 1:708 and by CT as 1:474. In a cross sectional study on 12000 patients using sonography and contrast urography, only 4 cases (0.03%) of HSK was found. In contrast, a sonographic study from Nepal has reported an incidence of 1 in 516 (61 HSKs out of 31498 patients screened, 0.2%) with male to female ratio of 1:2 (20 males; 41 females). We have reported an incidence of 1 in 97 cases (7 out of 682 cases; 1.02%) after retrospective analysis of multidetector CT scans of 682 patients . Natsis et al has reported an incidental finding of HSK in 1 male out of 250 (0.4%) Greek cadavers dissected during a period of 30 years. Though it is suggested that there is no racial determination for HSK, available literature indicates that the incidence of horseshoe kidney varies in different populations and further research is needed to throw some light on this aspect.
- Crossed renal ectopia is a rare type of anomaly in which both the kidneys are situated on one side and in about 90% of such cases the crossed ectopic kidney is fused with the orthotopically located kidney. Crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE) is the second most common renal fusion anomaly with an estimated incidence of 1:1300 to 1:7500 [1,2]. It is both a fusion and ectopic anomaly and occurs in about 0.08% - 0.01% cases. The prevalence of the crossed renal ectopia with fusion was estimated to be 1 in 1000 live births [34]. In a review of 400 children evaluated by DMSA renal scan, crossed fused renal ectopia was found in 7 cases (1.75%). In another retrospective review, the incidence of CRE was reported as 1 out of 3078 CT scans. We have reported 3 cases of CFRE (2 females, 1 male) in a retrospective analysis of MDCT scans of 682 patients with an estimated incidence of 0.43%. The true incidence of this anomaly is not known because a large majority of the patients having this anomaly remain asymptomatic and undetected. The left kidney is most commonly ectopic crossing to the right side of the abdomen and the condition is more common in males.
Prevalence
- The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
- The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
- [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
Gender
- 2:1 male to female ratio
- A single renal mass with two collecting systems is located on one side of the abdomen.
- Left-to-right ectopy three times more common.
Region
- The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
- [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].