Juvenile idiopathic arthritis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dheeraj Makkar, M.D.[2] Nehal Eid, M.D.[3]
Overview
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease of childhood. It occurs worldwide with variable incidence and prevalence. Disease onset is before 16 years of age, with a female predominance overall, although sex distribution and age at onset vary by subtype.
Prevalence
Despita Juvenile idiopathic arthritis being a common diagnosis, its incidence and prevalence aree unclear. Estimates vary, depending on research methods, geographic location, and the racial and ethnic compositions of study populations.[1][2][3][4] It affects an estimated 30 cases per 100,000 children in Europe and North America.[2][5]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood. The incidence and prevalence vary by geographic region, ethnicity, and subtype.
- The prevalence is estimated at 30 cases per 100,000 children in Europe and North America
- Disease onset occurs before 16 years of age, with peak incidence in early childhood
- Overall, females are affected more frequently than males
- Age at onset varies by subtype, with early childhood predominance in oligoarticular JIA and later childhood or adolescence in polyarticular and enthesitis-related disease
- Geographic and ethnic variation in subtype distribution and disease severity has been reported, suggesting contributions from genetic and environmental factors.[6]
Subtype-specific demographic patterns are observed.
- Oligoarticular JIA:
- It is the most common subtype representing approximately 40% of 50% of JIA cases. It predominantly affects girls aged 1–5 years.
- Polyarticular JIA:
- RF-Negative subtype is more common representing 15-20% of JIA cases with bimodal peak incidence between 1-3 years and >8 years. It predominantly affects girls.
- RF-Positive subtype is less common representing only 5% of JIA cases. It usually affects older children and adolescents, uncommon under the age of 9.
- Systemic JIA:
- It accounts for approximately 10-15% of all JIA cases. It affects males and females equally. It can occur at any pediatric age.
- Enthesitis-related arthritis:
- Its prevalence ranges between 9-19%, Prevalence may raise to 33% in parts of Eastern and Southeastern Asia. It is uncommon before 6 years of age. It is more common in males
- Psoriatic JIA:
- Bimodal peak incidence at 2-4 years of age and >10 years of age.
- Younger patients have a similar presentation to early-onset oligoarticular and RF-negative polyarticular JIA in terms of female predominance, ANA positivity and risk of chronic anterior uveitis.
- Psoriasis affects 50% of the patients but may appear later in disease course
- HLA-B27 is positive in 10 to 12% of patients.
References
- ↑ Petty RE, Laxer RM, Lindsley CB, Wedderburn LR, Mellins ED, Fuhlbrigge RC. Textbook of pediatric rheumatology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Consolaro A, Giancane G, Alongi A, et al. Phenotypic variability and dispari ties in treatment and outcomes of child hood arthritis throughout the world: an observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3: 255-63.
- ↑ Arkachaisri T, Tang S-P, Daengsuwan T, et al. Paediatric rheumatology clinic population in Southeast Asia: are we different? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56: 390-8.
- ↑ Fujikawa S, Okuni M. Clinical analysis of 570 cases with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of a nationwide retrospective survey in Japan. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1997; 39: 245-9.
- ↑ Scott C, Chan M, Slamang W, et al. Juvenile arthritis management in less re sourced countries (JAMLess): consensus recommendations from the Cradle of Hu mankind. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38: 563 75.
- ↑ Sandborg CI, Schulert GS, Kimura Y. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:XXX–XXX. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2402073.