Goiter classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
In 1974, the international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies. Goiter may also be classified according to various classification methods based on etiological, epidemiological, anatomical, pathological, functional and morphological factors.
Classification
In 1974, an international committee of thyroid pathologists published the first WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors which had served as a basis for various clinical, pathological, and epidemiological studies.[1]
- WHO Histological Classification of Thyroid Tumors, Second edition (1988):[1][2]
- Epithelial tumors
- Benign
- Follicular adenoma
- Others
- Malignant
- Follicular carcinoma
- Papillary carcinoma
- Medullary carcinoma
- Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma
- Others
- Benign
- Nonepithelial tumors
- Malignant lymphomas
- Miscellaneous tumors
- Secondary tumors
- Unclassified tumors
- Tumor-like lesions
- Epithelial tumors
- Goiter may be also be classified according to various classification methods based on the following criteria:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
- Classification based on etiology
- Classification based on epidemiology
- Classification based on anatomy
- Classification based on pathology
- Classification based on function
- Classification based on morphology
- Classification based on etiology:
- Physiological goiter: Goiter occurring due to increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones (during pregnancy or puberty).
- Pathological goiter: Goiter occurring as a result of the diseases affecting the thyroid gland e.g. neoplastic or inflammatory conditions.
- Classification based on epidemiology:
- Familial goiters: Goiter occurring as an inherited defect of thyroid hormone synthesis.
- Endemic goiters: Thyroid enlargement observed in a significant number of population in a particular locality.
- Sporadic goiters: Goiter occuring sporadically.
- Classification based on anatomy:
- Cervical goiter: Goiter situated on the anterior aspect of the neck.
- Retrosternal goiter: Goiter situated behind the sternum and extending downwards.
- Intrathoracic goiter: Goiter extending into thoracic cavity.
- Classification based on pathology:
- Simple goiter
- Toxic goiter
- Neoplastic goiter
- Inflammatory goiter
- Miscellaneous (other rare types)
- Classification based on function:
- Toxic goiter: Goiter associated with thyroid hyperfunction (hyperthyroidism)
- Non-toxic goiter: Goiter associated with thyroid hypofunction (hypothyroidism) or normal thyroid function (Euthyroid)
- Classification based on morphology:
- According to the texture of the thyroid gland:
- Diffuse goiter
- Nodular goiter:
- Solitary nodular goiter
- Multinodular goiter
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH (1989). "The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition". Cancer. 63 (5): 908–11. PMID 2914297.
- ↑ Else, J. Earl (1926). "A SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION OF GOITER". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 87 (18): 1465. doi:10.1001/jama.1926.02680180037009. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Werner, Sidney C. (1969). "Classification of Thyroid Disease". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (6): 860–862. doi:10.1210/jcem-29-6-860. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Mercante, Giuseppe; Gabrielli, Enrico; Pedroni, Corrado; Formisano, Debora; Bertolini, Laura; Nicoli, Franco; Valcavi, Roberto; Barbieri, Verter (2011). "CT cross-sectional imaging classification system for substernal goiter based on risk factors for an extracervical surgical approach". Head & Neck. 33 (6): 792–799. doi:10.1002/hed.21539. ISSN 1043-3074.
- ↑ Crile, George; Hazard, John B. (1951). "CLASSIFICATION OF THYROIDITIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF NEEDLE BIOPSY*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 11 (10): 1123–1127. doi:10.1210/jcem-11-10-1123. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ deSouza FM, Smith PE (1983). "Retrosternal goiter". J Otolaryngol. 12 (6): 393–6. PMID 6663666.
- ↑ Castaneda, Rutila; Lechuga, Diana; Ramos, Rosa Isela; Magos, Clementina; Orozco, Maribel; Martiacute;nez, Homero (2002). "Endemic goiter in pregnant women: utility of the simplified classification of thyroid size by palpation and urinary iodine as screening tests". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 109 (12): 1366–1372. doi:10.1046/j.1471-0528.2002.00306.x. ISSN 1470-0328.
- ↑ Carnell, N. Eric; Valente, William A. (1998). "Thyroid Nodules in Graves' Disease: Classification, Characterization, and Response to Treatment". Thyroid. 8 (7): 571–576. doi:10.1089/thy.1998.8.571. ISSN 1050-7256.
- ↑ Monaco, Fabrizio (2003). "Classification of Thyroid Diseases: Suggestions for a Revision". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 88 (4): 1428–1432. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021260. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Huins, Charles T.; Georgalas, Christos; Mehrzad, Homoyoon; Tolley, Neil S. (2008). "A new classification system for retrosternal goitre based on a systematic review of its complications and management". International Journal of Surgery. 6 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2007.02.003. ISSN 1743-9191.
- ↑ Crile, George; Hazard, John B.; Dinsmore, Robert S. (1948). "CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION*". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 8 (9): 762–765. doi:10.1210/jcem-8-9-762. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ Passler, Christian; Prager, Gerhard; Scheuba, Christian; Kaserer, Klaus; Zettinig, Georg; Niederle, Bruno (2003). "Application of Staging Systems for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in an Endemic Goiter Region With Iodine Substitution". Annals of Surgery. 237 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1097/01.SLA.0000048449.69472.81. ISSN 0003-4932.
- ↑ Woolner, Lewis B.; Beahrs, Oliver H.; Black, B.Marden; McConahey, William M.; Keating, F.Raymond (1961). "Classification and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma". The American Journal of Surgery. 102 (3): 354–387. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(61)90527-X. ISSN 0002-9610.
- ↑ Passler, C (2004). "Prognostic factors of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer: differences in an iodine-replete endemic goiter region". Endocrine Related Cancer. 11 (1): 131–139. doi:10.1677/erc.0.0110131. ISSN 1351-0088.