Congestive heart failure and thromboembolism
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Patients with congestive heart failure are at an increase risk of thromboembolic events. These events include stroke, transient ischemic attack, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The risk of thromboembolism in the absence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter is about 1% per year[1]. Hypertension and a lower left ventricular ejection fraction have been independently associated with higher rates of thromboembolism[1]. It has been hypothesized that a lower ejection fraction may predispose patients to mural thrombosis and thereby increase the risk of thromboembolism[1].
The incidence of thromboembolism in other trials has been reported as follows:
- Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) I 2.7% per year
- V-HeFT II 2.1% per year
Outside of clinical trials, and in populations in whom atrial fibrillation is present, the risk is even higher (4.1% per year in the Framingham Heart Study)
Randomized Trials
WARCEF
The Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction (WARCEF) Trial is a randomized study evaluating the efficacy of warfarin versus aspirin in reducing the risk of death or stroke in patients with congestive heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%.[2] The aspirin dose is 325 mg per day, and the coumadin is dosed to an INR range of 2.5 to 3.0 with a target of 2.75. A total of 3201 patients are slated to be enrolled between October 2002 and 2012.
Inclusion Criteria[3]
- Cardiac EF <=35% by radionuclide ventriculography, left ventriculography or quantitive echocardiographic measurement or an echocardiographic Wall Motion Index of <=1.2, within three months of enrollment. The patient's clinical cardiac state at enrollment should be similar to their state at the time of the qualifying echocardiogram.
- The qualifying left ventricular function measurement must be obtained at least three months after an MI, coronary bypass grafting, PTCA, and at least one month after pacemaker insertion. Patients scheduled for mitral valve repair should have qualifying echo after surgery.
- Modified Rankin score <=4.
- Patient must be taking ACE inhibitors. If intolerant of ACE inhibitor, patient must be on angiotensin II receptor blockers or hydralazine and nitrates.
- Patient is able to follow an outpatient protocol (requiring monthly blood tests and clinic visits every four months for the duration of the study) and is available by telephone.
- Patient understands the purpose and requirements of the study, can make him/herself understood, and has provided informed consent.
- Patients with recent stroke or TIA within twelve (12) months will be eligible to be included in the recent stroke (RS) subgroup.
- Chronic CHF patients (NYHA I * IV) admitted to the hospital can be randomized prior to discharge if the patient is stable, taking oral medications for 24 hours and ambulatory at the time of discharge. Stable New York Heart
- Association Class IV patients will be eligible for randomization.
Exclusion Criteria[4]
- The presence of any of the following unequivocal cardiac sources of embolism: chronic or paroxysmal AF, mechanical valve, endocarditis, intracardiac mobile or pedunculated thrombus, and valvular vegetation.
- Cyanotic congenital heart disease, Eisenmenger's syndrome.
- Decompensated heart failure.
- Cardiac surgery, angioplasty, or MI within the past 3 months prior to randomization.
- A contraindication to the use of either warfarin or aspirin, e.g. active peptic ulcer disease, active bleeding diathesis, platelets <100,000*, hematocrit <30, INR >1.3 (if not on warfarin), clotting factor abnormality that increases the risk of bleeding, alcohol or substance abuse, severe gait instability, cerebral hemorrhage, systemic hemorrhage within the past year, severe liver impairment (AST >3x normal*, cirrhosis), any condition requiring regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, allergy to aspirin or warfarin, uncontrolled severe hypertension (systolic pressure >180 mm Hg or diastolic pressure > 110 mm Hg), positive stool guaiac not attributable to hemorrhoids, creatinine >3.0*. *on most recent test done within 30 days prior to randomization
- Patient needs continuing therapy with intravenous heparin or low molecular weight heparin or a specific antiplatelet agent.
- Dementia or psychiatric or physical problem that prevents the patient from following an outpatient program reliably.
- Comorbid conditions that may limit survival to less than five years.
- Pregnancy, or female of childbearing potential who is not sterilized or is not using a medically accepted form of contraception* (see procedure manual). *A pregnancy test is required for all women of childbearing age.
- Enrollment in another study that would conflict with WARCEF.
- Hospitalization for new diagnosis of onset CHF within the past one month or carotid endarterectomy or pacemaker insertion within the past one month prior to randomization .
- Person under 18 years of age.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment with amiodarone or implantable cardiac defibrillator device is associated with a lower rate of thromboembolism[1]. It has been postulated that these drugs and devices reduce the frequency of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter and thereby reduce the risk of embolization.
The benefit of anticoagulation in these patients is not clear. Randomized trials have not been sufficiently powered to answer the question definitively [5].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Freudenberger RS, Hellkamp AS, Halperin JL, Poole J, Anderson J, Johnson G, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH (2007). "Risk of thromboembolism in heart failure: an analysis from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT)". Circulation. 115 (20): 2637–41. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.661397. PMID 17485579. Retrieved 2011-04-26. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00041938
- ↑ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00041938
- ↑ http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00041938
- ↑ Freudenberger RS, Schumaecker MM, Homma S (2010). "What is the appropriate approach to prevention of thromboembolism in heart failure?". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 103 (3): 489–95. doi:10.1160/TH09-04-0247. PMID 20024492. Retrieved 2011-04-26. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)