Congenital diaphragmatic hernia primary prevention
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S
Overview
The goal of Primary prevention is to prevent the occurrence of an illness or a disease before it occurs. Since CDH may be due to genetic abnormalities that develop due to defects early in gestation, they are difficult to detect and prevent until they have developed. In cases where risk factors lead to CDH, avoidance of causative drugs may prove helpful. For drugs that may lead to increased risk of CDH, it is important to provide alternative medications to affected individuals.
Primary Prevention
| Drug | FDA Drug Category | Underlying Disease | Non-teratogenic alternative |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allopurinol[1][2] | C | Gout | Colchicine[3] |
| Lithium | D | Bipolar Disease | Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine[4] |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | D[5] | Prophylaxis of organ rejection | Everolimus (few cases indicating this as of now)[6][7] |
| Phenmetrazine | C | Stimulant | Should generally be avoided during pregnancy; no current drug alternative that is FDA approved[8] |
| Thalidomide | X | Hyperemesis Gravidarum | Discontinued; H1-receptor antagonist, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide[9] |
References
- ↑ Fazal MW, Doogue MP, Leong RW, Bampton PA, Andrews JM (2013). "Allopurinol use in pregnancy in three women with inflammatory bowel disease: safety and outcomes: a case series". BMC Gastroenterol. 13: 172. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-13-172. PMC 3878501. PMID 24345189.
- ↑ Hoeltzenbein M, Stieler K, Panse M, Wacker E, Schaefer C (2013). "Allopurinol Use during Pregnancy - Outcome of 31 Prospectively Ascertained Cases and a Phenotype Possibly Indicative for Teratogenicity". PLoS One. 8 (6): e66637. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066637. PMC 3686712. PMID 23840514.
- ↑ Indraratna PL, Virk S, Gurram D, Day RO (2018). "Use of colchicine in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Rheumatology (Oxford). 57 (2): 382–387. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kex353. PMID 29029311.
- ↑ Grover S, Avasthi A (2015). "Mood stabilizers in pregnancy and lactation". Indian J Psychiatry. 57 (Suppl 2): S308–23. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.161498. PMC 4539876. PMID 26330649.
- ↑ Pisoni CN, D'Cruz DP (2008). "The safety of mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 7 (3): 219–22. doi:10.1517/14740338.7.3.219. PMID 18462179.
- ↑ Savvidaki E, Kazakopoulos P, Papachristou E, Karavias D, Zavvos V, Voliotis G; et al. (2014). "Replacement of mycophenolate acid with everolimus in patients who became neutropenic after renal transplant". Exp Clin Transplant. 12 (1): 31–6. doi:10.6002/ect.2013.0109. PMID 24471721.
- ↑ Yamamura M, Kojima T, Koyama M, Sazawa A, Yamada T, Minakami H (2017). "Everolimus in pregnancy: Case report and literature review". J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 43 (8): 1350–1352. doi:10.1111/jog.13369. PMID 28557245.
- ↑ Smid MC, Metz TD, Gordon AJ (2019). "Stimulant Use in Pregnancy: An Under-recognized Epidemic Among Pregnant Women". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 62 (1): 168–184. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000418. PMC 6438363. PMID 30601144.
- ↑ Bustos M, Venkataramanan R, Caritis S (2017). "Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy - What's new?". Auton Neurosci. 202: 62–72. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2016.05.002. PMC 5107351. PMID 27209471.