Colorectal cancer epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Roukoz A. Karam, M.D.[2], Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, and accounts for 8% of all cancer-related deaths annually. In the United States, the prevalence of colorectal cancer is 376.3 per 100,000 persons, and the incidence is 42.9 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of colorectal cancer is higher in males, the elderly, and in the African American race.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiology and demographics of colorectal carcinoma can be explained as follows:
General
Incidence
- In 2014, the incidence of colorectal cancer was estimated to be 42.9 cases per 100,000 persons in the United States[1]
- From 2001-2010, the overall incidence rates of colorectal cancer has decreased by an average of 3.4% per year[1]
- In 2014, the incidence of colorectal deaths was 5.8 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[1]
Prevalence
- In 2012, the prevalence of colorectal cancer was estimated to be 376.3 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States[1]
Age
- The incidence of colorectal cancer increases with age.[1]
Race
- Colorectal cancer usually affects individuals of the African American race. Asian Pacific Islander individuals are less likely to develop colorectal cancer.[1]
- In 2006-2010, the colorectal cancer incidence rates among the African American race were approximately 25% higher than the Caucasian race and 50% higher than the Asian Pacific Islander race.[1]
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected by colorectal cancer than women. The male to female ratio varies with age and is approximately:[1]
- 1 to 1 - birth to 49 years
- 1 to 4 - 50 to 79 years
- 1 to 2 - 80 years and older
- Worldwide, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer when men and women are considered separately, and the second leading cause when both sexes are combined.[1]
Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Early-onset colorectal cancer is defined as colorectal cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 years.[2][3][4]
- Early-onset colorectal cancer accounts for approximately 14% of all colorectal cancer cases in the United States.[5]
- In 2022, an estimated 20,805 individuals were diagnosed with early-onset colorectal cancer in the United States.[6][7]
Incidence
- Worldwide, there were 184,709 new cases of early-onset colorectal cancer in 2022, making it the most common early-onset gastrointestinal malignancy.[6][7]
- Incidence of early-onset CRC has been increasing at a rate of approximately 2% annually.[8]
- Highest increase in annual early-onset CRC rates are among patients younger than 40 years old, rising from 4.1 to 5.5 per 100,000 between 2013 and 2022.[5][9]
Race
- Incidence rates of early-onset colorectal cancer are increasing across all racial and ethnic groups, with particularly rapid rises among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals.[5]
- Compared with later-onset colorectal cancer, patients with early-onset disease are more likely to be Black (15% vs 11%) or Hispanic (9% vs 5%).[10]
Gender
- CRC was the leading cause of cancer-related among men and second leading cause of death of women aged 20 to 49 years in the United States.[11]
- Early-onset colorectal cancer incidence is higher in males than females, with a male-to-female incidence rate ratio of approximately 1.20.[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Siegel, Rebecca; DeSantis, Carol; Jemal, Ahmedin (2014). "Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 64 (2): 104–117. doi:10.3322/caac.21220. ISSN 0007-9235.
- ↑ Cavestro, G. M., Mannucci, A., Balaguer, F., Hampel, H., Kupfer, S. S., Repici, A., Sartore-Bianchi, A., Seppälä, T. T., Valentini, V., Boland, C. R., Brand, R. E., Buffart, T. E., Burke, C. A., Caccialanza, R., Cannizzaro, R., Cascinu, S., Cercek, A., Crosbie, E. J., Danese, S., … European Hereditary Tumour Group, and the International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Tumours. (2023). Delphi initiative for early-onset colorectal cancer (DIRECt) international management guidelines. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology: The Official Clinical Practice Journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 21(3), 581-603.e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.12.006
- ↑ Cancer Today. (n.d.). Who.Int. Retrieved February 16, 2026, from https://gco.iarc.who.int/today/
- ↑ Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(3), 229–263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER*Explorer: an interactive website for SEER cancer statistics. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute; April 16, 2025. Accessed May 19, 2025. https://seer.cancer.gov/ statistics-network/explorer/
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Published 2024. Accessed May 19, 2025. https:// gco.iarc.who.int/today/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
- ↑ Siegel RL, Torre LA, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. Gut. 2019;68(12):2179- 2185. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319511
- ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(3):177-193. doi:10.3322/caac.21395
- ↑ Kamath SD, Torrejon N, Wei W, et al. Racial disparities negatively impact outcomes in early-onset colorectal cancer independent of socioeconomic status. Cancer Med. 2021;10(21): 7542-7550. doi:10.1002/cam4.4276
- ↑ Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025;75(1):10-45. doi:10.3322/caac.21871
- ↑ Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Cercek A, Smith RA, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(3):233-254. doi:10.3322/caac.21772