Bipolar disorder overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric condition defined as recurrent episodes of significant disturbance in mood. These disturbances can occur on a spectrum that ranges from debilitating depression to unbridled mania. Individuals suffering from bipolar disorder typically experience fluid states of mania, hypomania or what is referred to as a mixed state in conjunction with depressive episodes. These clinical states typically alternate with a normal range of moods. The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar I, bipolar II and cyclothymia, with both bipolar I and bipolar II potentially presenting with rapid cycling.
Previously referred to as bipolar affective disorder, the current term (bipolar disorder) is fairly recent in origin and refers to the cycling between high and low episodes. This term has also replaced manic-depressive illness coined by Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) in the late nineteenth century. The current term was designed to be neutral, in order to avoid the stigma that results from conflating "manic" and "depression."
Onset of bipolar disorder symptoms generally occurs during young adulthood. Diagnosis is based on self-reported experiences and observed behavior. Episodes of illness are associated with distress and disruption, as well as increased rates of suicide.[1] Studies suggest that genetics, early environment, neurobiology, and psychological and social processes are important contributing factors. Psychiatric research is focused on the role of neurobiology, but a clear organic cause has not been found. Bipolar disorder is usually treated with a combination of medication, therapy, and counseling. The mainstay of medication are a number of drugs termed 'mood stabilizers', in particular lithium and sodium valproate. These are a group of unrelated medications used to prevent relapses of further episodes. Antipsychotic medications, sometimes called neuroleptics, in particular olanzapine, are used in the treatment of manic episodes and in maintenance. The benefits of using antidepressants during depressive episodes is unclear. In serious cases where there is risk to self and others, generally involving severe manic episodes with dangerous behaviour or depressive episodes with suicidal ideation, involuntary hospitalization may be necessary.
Several studies have identified a significant correlation between creativity and bipolar disorder, though this relationship remains unclear.[2][3][4] Bipolar disorder is also thought to correlate with increased ambition and motivation.[5]
References
- ↑ Ösby, U; Brandt, L; Correia, N; Ekbom, A; Sparén, P (2001), "Excess Mortality in Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder in Sweden", Archives of General Psychiatry, 58 (9): 844–850
- ↑ Santosa et al. Enhanced creativity in bipolar disorder patients: A controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2006 23 November; PMID 17126406.
- ↑ Rihmer et al. Creativity and mental illness. Psychiatr Hung. 2006;21(4):288-94. PMID 17170470.
- ↑ Nowakowska et al. Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls. J Affect Disord. 2005 Mar;85(1-2):207-15. PMID 15780691.
- ↑ Johnson SL. (2005)Mania and dysregulation in goal pursuit: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. Feb;25(2):241-62.