Bacterial meningitis causes
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Bacterial meningitis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The causative agent for bacterial meningitis varies according to age group. Common causative agents for bacterial meningitis may include Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Causes
Causes by Age group
The causative bacterial agent for bacterial agent may vary according to the age group:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
| Age group | Bacterial cause |
|---|---|
| New borns | Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
| Infants and children | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Group B Streptococcus |
| Adolescents and Young Adults | Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Older adults | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Group B Streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes |
Common causes
The most common causes of bacterial meningitis include the following in order of decreasing frequency:[3]
- Streptococcus pneumoniae- most common in all age groups
- Neisseria meningitis
- Hemophilus influenza
- Group B streptococcus
- Listeria monocytogenes
Less common causes
The rare causes of bacterial meningitis include:
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Group B streptococcus
- Klebsiella
- Peudomonas
- E coli
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Kingella Kingae[7]
- Mycobacterium tuberculosise
- Trepenoma pallidum
- Diphtheroids
- Propionibacterium acnes
- Serratia marcescens
- Salmonella species
- Borrelia burgdoferri
- Brucella sp
- Nocardia
- Francisella tularensis
- Streptococcus suis
Life threatening causes
Meningococcal meningitis may lead to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage causing shock and death.[8]
Causes by organ system
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html Accessed on 4th Jan, 2017
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, Zell ER, Lynfield R, Hadler JL; et al. (2011). "Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007". N Engl J Med. 364 (21): 2016–25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1005384. PMID 21612470.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D (2010). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 23 (3): 467–92. doi:10.1128/CMR.00070-09. PMC 2901656. PMID 20610819.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hoffman O, Weber RJ (2009). "Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis". Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2 (6): 1–7. doi:10.1177/1756285609337975. PMC 3002609. PMID 21180625.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kim KS (2010). "Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children". Lancet Infect Dis. 10 (1): 32–42. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70306-8. PMID 20129147.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Khalessi N, Afsharkhas L (2014). "Neonatal meningitis: risk factors, causes, and neurologic complications". Iran J Child Neurol. 8 (4): 46–50. PMC 4307368. PMID 25657770.
- ↑ Van Erps J, Schmedding E, Naessens A, Keymeulen B (1992). "Kingella kingae, a rare cause of bacterial meningitis". Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 94 (2): 173–5. PMID 1324818.
- ↑ Sonavane A, Baradkar V, Salunkhe P, Kumar S (2011). "Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome in an adult patient with meningococcal meningitis". Indian J Dermatol. 56 (3): 326–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.82496. PMC 3132917. PMID 21772601.