Uveitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

A myriad of conditions can lead to the development of uveitis, including systemic diseases as well as syndromes confined to the eye. In anterior uveitis, no specific diagnosis is made in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis is often one of the syndromes associated with HLA-B27.

Systemic disorders causing uveitis

Systemic disorders that can cause uveitis include:

• Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Behçet's disease
• Birdshot retinochoroidopathy
• Brucellosis
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
• Kawasaki disease
• Leptospirosis
• Lyme disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
• Psoriatic arthritis
• Reiter's syndrome
• Sarcoidosis
• Syphilis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Toxocariasis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Tuberculosis
• Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
• Whipple disease

Masquerade syndromes

Masquerade syndromes are ophthalmic disorders that clinically present as either an anterior or posterior uveitis, but are not primarily inflammatory. The following are some of the most common:

• Anterior segment

• Intraocular foreign body
• Juvenile xanthogranuloma
• Leukemia
• Malignant melanoma
• Retinoblastoma
• Retinal detachment

• Posterior segment

• Lymphoma
• Malignant melanoma
• Multiple sclerosis
• Reticulum cell sarcoma
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Retinoblastoma

Additionally, the causes may vary depending on the form of uveitis:

• Anterior uveitis may be associated with autoimmune diseases, but most cases occur in healthy people for unapparent reasons. The disorder may affect only one eye. It is most common in young and middle-aged people.

• Intermediate uveitis usually occurs in young men and is generally not associated with any other disease. In most cases, the cause is unknown. However, some evidence suggests it may be linked to Crohn's disease and possibly multiple sclerosis .

• Posterior uveitis may develop in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have had a systemic (body-wide) infection. The most common cause of posterior uveitis is infections resulting from toxoplasmosis

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Kawasaki disease, Wegener granulomatosis
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Vitiligo, Psoriasis
Drug Side Effect	Etidronate, Fomivirsen sodium, Latanoprost, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Rifabutin, Vemurafenib
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
Genetic	Blau syndrome, Granulomatous arthritis of childhood, Incontinentia pigmenti, Synovitis granulomatous with uveitis and cranial neuropathies
Hematologic	Lymphoma
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Brucellosis, Cat scratch fever, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, HTLV-1, Lepromatous leprosy, Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, Malaria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ocular bartonellosis, Onchocerciasis, Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, Secondary syphilis, Syphilis, Toxocariasis, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, West nile virus, Whipple disease , AIDS
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Granulomatous arthritis of childhood, Ankylosing spondylitis, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Polychondritis, Rheumatoid disease, Still disease, juvenile-onset
Neurologic	Tropical spastic paraparesis, Multiple sclerosis
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Lymphoma
Opthalmologic	Acute retinal necrosis syndrome, Alezzandrini syndrome, Birdshot retinochoroidopathy, Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis, Heerfordt-Waldenstroem syndrome, Ocular ischemic syndrome, Pars planitis, Scleritis, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis, Systemic ophthalmitis, Intraocular foreign body
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ulcerative colitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Autoimmune uveitis, Behcet disease, Crohn's disease, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, Juvenile chronic arthritis, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki disease, Multiple sclerosis, Polychondritis, Psoriasis, Reiter syndrome, Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis, Still disease, juvenile-onset, Sympathetic ophthalmitis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Trauma
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Intraocular foreign body

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acute retinal necrosis syndrome AIDS Alezzandrini syndrome Ankylosing spondylitis Autoimmune uveitis Behcet disease Birdshot retinochoroidopathy Blau syndrome Brucellosis Cat scratch fever Crohn's disease Epstein-Barr virus Etidronate Fomivirsen sodium Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis Granulomatous arthritis of childhood Heerfordt-Waldenstroem syndrome Herpes simplex Herpes zoster HTLV-1 Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti Intraocular foreign body Juvenile chronic arthritis Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Kawasaki disease Lepromatous leprosy Leptospirosis Lyme disease Lymphoma Malaria Multiple sclerosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ocular bartonellosis Ocular ischemic syndrome Onchocerciasis Pars planitis Polychondritis Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome Psoriasis Reiter syndrome Rheumatoid disease Rifabutin Sarcoidosis Scleritis Secondary syphilis Still disease, juvenile-onset Sympathetic ophthalmitis Synovitis granulomatous with uveitis and cranial neuropathies Syphilis Systemic lupus erythematosus Toxocariasis Toxoplasma Toxoplasmosis Trauma Tropical spastic paraparesis Tuberculosis Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis Ulcerative colitis Vemurafenib Vitiligo Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Wegener granulomatosis West nile virus Whipple disease