Urinary incontinence differential diagnosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Urinary incontinence may have different etiologies depending upon the underlying dysfunction. The various types of urinary incontinence should be differentiated from each other for optimal management.
Differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence
The following table differentiates the various types of urinary incontinence:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
To review differential diagnosis of urge incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of stress incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of functional incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of overflow incontinence, click here.
To review differential diagnosis of mixed incontinence, click here.
| Category | Diseases | Type of incontinence | Clinical manifestations | Para−clinical findings | Gold standard | Associated findings | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | Signs | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Lab Findings | Imaging | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Urinary symptoms | BP | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | Ultrasound | CT scan | Other | |||||||||||
| Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | |||||||||||||||
| Neurological diseases | Stroke[9] | + | + | − | ± | + | − | − | ± | + | + | ++ | ↑/↓ | + | < 50 ml | Pyuria | NA | Imaging |
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| Alzheimer's disease[10][11] | + | + | + | + | − | − | ± | ± | + | + | ++ | Nl | + | < 50 ml | Pyuria | NA | Clinical manifestations |
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| Parkinson's disease[12][13] | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | ± | + | + | ++ | Nl to ↓ | + | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Clinical manifestations | |||||
| Traumatic spinal cord injury[14] | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ± | Nl to ↓ | + | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | MRI of spine | |||||
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus[15] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | Nl | + | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removal test |
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| Multiple sclerosis[16] | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | Nl to ↓ | + | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | MRI of brain and spine |
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| Category | Diseases | Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | BP | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | Ultrasound | CT scan | Other | Gold standard | Additional findings |
| Urogenital disorders | Benign prostatic hyperplasia[17] | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | ± | + | ++ | + | Nl to ↑ | − | > 200 ml | Hematuria | Elevated PSA | Digital rectal examination | ||||
| Genitourinary surgical procedures[18][19] | + | + | − | − | − | − | ± | + | + | + | + | Depends on underlying disease | − | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Clinical manifestations | |||||
| Multiple childbirths[20][21] | + | + | − | − | − | − | ± | − | + | + | + | Nl | − | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Clinical manifestations |
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| Uterine fibroids[22] | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Nl | NA | Clinical manifestations+ imaging | |||||
| Uterine prolapse[23] | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | + | ± | Nl | − | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Pelvic examination |
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| Vesicovaginal fistula[24] | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | + | + | + | Nl | − | < 50 ml | Nl | NA | Pelvic examination | |||||
| Bladder cancer[25] | + | − | + | − | − | ± | − | + | + | + | + | Depends on underlying disease | − | > 200 ml | Hematuria | NA | Biopsy |
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| Gastrointestinal diseases | Fecal impaction[26] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Pyuria | ↑ K+ | Digital rectal examination | ||||
| Rectal prolapse[27] | − | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | Nl | − | > 200 ml | Pyuria | Pelvic examination | ||||||
| Category | Diseases | Urge | Stress | Overflow | Functional | Loss of consciousness | Fever | Pelvic pain | Dysuria | Frequency | Dribbling | Nocturia | BP | Neurological deficit | Urine residue | UA | Other | Ultrasound | CT scan | Other | Gold standard | Additional findings |
References
- ↑ "pdfs.semanticscholar.org" (PDF).
- ↑ Brown JS, Bradley CS, Subak LL, Richter HE, Kraus SR, Brubaker L, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Grady D (May 2006). "The sensitivity and specificity of a simple test to distinguish between urge and stress urinary incontinence". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (10): 715–23. PMC 1557357. PMID 16702587.
- ↑ Holroyd-Leduc JM, Tannenbaum C, Thorpe KE, Straus SE (March 2008). "What type of urinary incontinence does this woman have?". JAMA. 299 (12): 1446–56. doi:10.1001/jama.299.12.1446. PMID 18364487.
- ↑ Videla FL, Wall LL (June 1998). "Stress incontinence diagnosed without multichannel urodynamic studies". Obstet Gynecol. 91 (6): 965–8. PMID 9611005.
- ↑ DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson T, Palmer MH, Wagg A (2010). "Incontinence in the frail elderly: report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence". Neurourol. Urodyn. 29 (1): 165–78. doi:10.1002/nau.20842. PMID 20025027.
- ↑ "Diagnosis of Urinary Incontinence - American Family Physician".
- ↑ Frank C, Szlanta A (November 2010). "Office management of urinary incontinence among older patients". Can Fam Physician. 56 (11): 1115–20. PMC 2980426. PMID 21075990.
- ↑ Imam KA (2004). "The role of the primary care physician in the management of bladder dysfunction". Rev Urol. 6 Suppl 1: S38–44. PMC 1472846. PMID 16985854.
- ↑ Gibson J, Thomas LH, Harrison JJ, Watkins CL (March 2018). "Stroke survivors' and carers' experiences of a systematic voiding programme to treat urinary incontinence after stroke". J Clin Nurs. doi:10.1111/jocn.14346. PMID 29517816. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
- ↑ Lee, Hsiang-Ying; Li, Ching-Chia; Juan, Yung-Shun; Chang, Yu-Han; Yeh, Hsin-Chih; Tsai, Chia-Chun; Chueh, Kuang-Shun; Wu, Wen-Jeng; Yang, Yuan-Han (2016). "Urinary Incontinence in Alzheimer's Disease". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr. 32 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1177/1533317516680900. ISSN 1533-3175.
- ↑ Drennan, Vari M.; Rait, Greta; Cole, Laura; Grant, Robert; Iliffe, Steve (2013). "The prevalence of incontinence in people with cognitive impairment or dementia living at home: A systematic review". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 32 (4): 314–324. doi:10.1002/nau.22333. ISSN 0733-2467.
- ↑ Lemack, Gary E; Dewey, Richard B; Roehrborn, Claus G; O’Suilleabhain, Padraig E; Zimmern, Philippe E (2000). "Questionnaire-based assessment of bladder dysfunction in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease". Urology. 56 (2): 250–254. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00641-5. ISSN 0090-4295.
- ↑ Dubow JS (May 2007). "Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease". Dis Mon. 53 (5): 265–74. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2007.02.004. PMID 17656188.
- ↑ Schurch, B.; Stöhrer, M.; Kramer, G.; Schmid, D.M.; Gaul, G.; Hauri, D. (2000). "BOTULINUM-A TOXIN FOR TREATING DETRUSOR HYPERREFLEXIA IN SPINAL CORD INJURED PATIENTS: A NEW ALTERNATIVE TO ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS? PRELIMINARY RESULTS". The Journal of Urology. 164 (3): 692–697. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67283-7. ISSN 0022-5347.
- ↑ Ghosh, Sayantani; Lippa, Carol (2014). "Diagnosis and Prognosis in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr. 29 (7): 583–589. doi:10.1177/1533317514523485. ISSN 1533-3175.
- ↑ Bosch, JLH Ruud; Groen, Jan (1996). "Treatment of refractory urge urinary incontinence with sacral spinal nerve stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients". The Lancet. 348 (9029): 717–719. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04437-6. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Peters, T.J.; Donovan, J.L.; Kay, H.E.; Abrams, P.; de la Rosette, J.J.M.C.H.; Porru, D.; Thuroff, J.W. (1997). "The International Continence Society "Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" Study: The Bothersomeness of Urinary Symptoms". The Journal of Urology. 157 (3): 885–889. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65075-4. ISSN 0022-5347.
- ↑ Altman, Daniel; Granath, Fredrik; Cnattingius, Sven; Falconer, Christian (2007). "Hysterectomy and risk of stress-urinary-incontinence surgery: nationwide cohort study". The Lancet. 370 (9597): 1494–1499. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61635-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Prabhu, Vinay; Sivarajan, Ganesh; Taksler, Glen B.; Laze, Juliana; Lepor, Herbert (2014). "Long-term Continence Outcomes in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer". European Urology. 65 (1): 52–57. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.006. ISSN 0302-2838.
- ↑ Barbosa L, Boaviagem A, Moretti E, Lemos A (May 2018). "Multiparity, age and overweight/obesity as risk factors for urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Int Urogynecol J. doi:10.1007/s00192-018-3656-9. PMID 29754281.
- ↑ Gyhagen M, Bullarbo M, Nielsen TF, Milsom I (November 2013). "A comparison of the long-term consequences of vaginal delivery versus caesarean section on the prevalence, severity and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence subtypes: a national cohort study in primiparous women". BJOG. 120 (12): 1548–55. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12367. PMID 23786421.
- ↑ Dragomir, Anca D.; Schroeder, Jane C.; Connolly, AnnaMarie; Kupper, Larry L.; Cousins, Deborah S.; Olshan, Andrew F.; Baird, Donna D. (2010). "Uterine Leiomyomata Associated with Self-Reported Stress Urinary Incontinence". Journal of Women's Health. 19 (2): 245–250. doi:10.1089/jwh.2009.1396. ISSN 1540-9996.
- ↑ de Boer TA, Salvatore S, Cardozo L, Chapple C, Kelleher C, van Kerrebroeck P, Kirby MG, Koelbl H, Espuna-Pons M, Milsom I, Tubaro A, Wagg A, Vierhout ME (2010). "Pelvic organ prolapse and overactive bladder". Neurourol. Urodyn. 29 (1): 30–9. doi:10.1002/nau.20858. PMID 20025017.
- ↑ Reisenauer C (August 2015). "Vesicovaginal fistulas: a gynecological experience in 41 cases at a German pelvic floor center". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 292 (2): 245–53. doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3760-8. PMID 26001626.
- ↑ Porter, M; Penson, D (2005). "HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER RADICAL CYSTECTOMY AND URINARY DIVERSION FOR BLADDER CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE". The Journal of Urology. 173 (4): 1318–1322. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000149080.82697.65. ISSN 0022-5347.
- ↑ Loening-Baucke, V. (1997). "Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infection and Their Resolution With Treatment of Chronic Constipation of Childhood". PEDIATRICS. 100 (2): 228–232. doi:10.1542/peds.100.2.228. ISSN 0031-4005.
- ↑ González-Argenté, Xavier F.; Jain, Anil; Nogueras, Juan J.; Davila, Willy G.; Weiss, Eric G.; Wexner, Steven D. (2001). "Prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence and pelvic genital prolapse in females with anal incontinence or rectal prolapse". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 44 (7): 920–925. doi:10.1007/BF02235476. ISSN 0012-3706.