Retinoblastoma natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated, retinoblastoma may progress to develop seeding in the eye, leading to [[retinal detachment]], [[necrosis]] and invasion of the orbit, [[optic nerve]] invasion, and [[central nervous system]] invasion. The majority of untreated patients die of intracranial extension and disseminated disease within one year. Spontaneous regression of the [[tumor]] is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases. Common complications of retinoblastoma include [[metastasis]], tumor recurrence, trilateral retinoblastoma, and subsequent [[neoplasms]]. Prognosis is generally good, and the survival rate of patients with retinoblastoma with treatment is approximately 95% in the United States. | If left untreated, retinoblastoma may progress to develop seeding in the [[eye]], leading to [[retinal detachment]], [[necrosis]] and [[invasion]] of the [[orbit]], [[optic nerve]] [[invasion]], and [[central nervous system]] invasion. The majority of untreated patients die of intracranial extension and disseminated [[disease]] within one year. Spontaneous regression of the [[tumor]] is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases. Common [[complications]] of [[retinoblastoma]] include [[metastasis]], [[tumor]] recurrence, trilateral [[retinoblastoma]], and subsequent [[neoplasms]]. [[Prognosis]] is generally good, and the [[survival rate]] of [[patients]] with [[retinoblastoma]] with treatment is approximately 95% in the United States. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
*[[Retinoblastoma]] usually first presents with [[leukocoria]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pizzo | first = Philip | title = Principles and practice of pediatric oncology | publisher = Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 160547682X }}</ref> | *[[Retinoblastoma]] usually first presents with [[leukocoria]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pizzo | first = Philip | title = Principles and practice of pediatric oncology | publisher = Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 160547682X }}</ref> | ||
*Left untreated, [[retinoblastoma]] may be deadly. The [[tumor]] will continue growing and filling the entire | *Left untreated, [[retinoblastoma]] may be deadly. The [[tumor]] will continue growing and filling the entire globe with subsequent [[metastasis]]. | ||
*The [[tumor]] remains within the | *The [[tumor]] remains within the globe and curable within 3 to 6 months of its first presentation ([[leukocoria]]). Any delay in the [[diagnosis]] will decrease the [[survival rate]].<ref name="pmid10574806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goddard AG, Kingston JE, Hungerford JL |title=Delay in diagnosis of retinoblastoma: risk factors and treatment outcome |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=83 |issue=12 |pages=1320–3 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10574806 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Death may occur within one year of [[metastasis]]. | *Death may occur within one year of [[metastasis]]. | ||
*[[Metastasis]] may occurs through four possible way:<ref>Singh, Arun D., Carol L. Shields, and Jerry A. Shields. "Prognostic factors in retinoblastoma." Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 37.3 (2000): 134.</ref><ref name="pmid8635145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khelfaoui F, Validire P, Auperin A, Quintana E, Michon J, Pacquement H, Desjardins L, Asselain B, Schlienger P, Vielh P |title=Histopathologic risk factors in retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 172 patients treated in a single institution |journal=Cancer |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1206–13 |date=March 1996 |pmid=8635145 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18757474">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JW, Kathpalia V, Dunkel IJ, Wong RK, Riedel E, Abramson DH |title=Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=463–7 |date=April 2009 |pmid=18757474 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138453 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16632438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leal-Leal CA, Rivera-Luna R, Flores-Rojo M, Juárez-Echenique JC, Ordaz JC, Amador-Zarco J |title=Survival in extra-orbital metastatic retinoblastoma:treatment results |journal=Clin Transl Oncol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16632438 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Metastasis]] may occurs through four possible way:<ref>Singh, Arun D., Carol L. Shields, and Jerry A. Shields. "Prognostic factors in retinoblastoma." Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 37.3 (2000): 134.</ref><ref name="pmid8635145">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khelfaoui F, Validire P, Auperin A, Quintana E, Michon J, Pacquement H, Desjardins L, Asselain B, Schlienger P, Vielh P |title=Histopathologic risk factors in retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 172 patients treated in a single institution |journal=Cancer |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1206–13 |date=March 1996 |pmid=8635145 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18757474">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JW, Kathpalia V, Dunkel IJ, Wong RK, Riedel E, Abramson DH |title=Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=463–7 |date=April 2009 |pmid=18757474 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138453 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16632438">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leal-Leal CA, Rivera-Luna R, Flores-Rojo M, Juárez-Echenique JC, Ordaz JC, Amador-Zarco J |title=Survival in extra-orbital metastatic retinoblastoma:treatment results |journal=Clin Transl Oncol |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16632438 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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**Through the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] to the [[central nervous system]] | **Through the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] to the [[central nervous system]] | ||
**Hematogenously to the [[lungs]], [[bone]], and [[brain]]. | **Hematogenously to the [[lungs]], [[bone]], and [[brain]]. | ||
**The [[tumor]] may also spread via [[lymphatic]] pathway if the [[tumor]] dispers anteriorly into the [[Conjunctiva|conjunctivae]], [[Eyelid|eyelids]], or extraocular tissue. | **The [[tumor]] may also spread via [[lymphatic]] pathway if the [[tumor]] dispers anteriorly into the [[Conjunctiva|conjunctivae]], [[Eyelid|eyelids]], or extraocular [[tissue]]. | ||
*Spontaneous regression of the [[tumor]] is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases.<ref name="pmid898013">{{cite journal| author=Khodadoust AA, Roozitalab HM, Smith RE, Green WR| title=Spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1977 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 467-78 | pmid=898013 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=898013 }} </ref> | *Spontaneous regression of the [[tumor]] is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases.<ref name="pmid898013">{{cite journal| author=Khodadoust AA, Roozitalab HM, Smith RE, Green WR| title=Spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1977 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 467-78 | pmid=898013 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=898013 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Retinoblastoma]] is bilateral in 25%–35% of cases.<ref name="Chandra1994">{{cite journal|last1=Chandra|first1=Suresh R.|title=Intraocular Tumors: A Text and Atlas|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=112|issue=2|year=1994|pages=169|issn=0003-9950|doi=10.1001/archopht.1994.01090140045016}}</ref> | *[[Retinoblastoma]] is [[bilateral]] in 25%–35% of cases.<ref name="Chandra1994">{{cite journal|last1=Chandra|first1=Suresh R.|title=Intraocular Tumors: A Text and Atlas|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=112|issue=2|year=1994|pages=169|issn=0003-9950|doi=10.1001/archopht.1994.01090140045016}}</ref> | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
*Those with [[heritable]] form of the [[disease]] have 50% risk of transmitting the [[mutation]] to their offspring.<ref name="pmid15637391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JE, Offit K |title=Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=276–92 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15637391 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.10.042 |url=}}</ref> | *Those with [[heritable]] form of the [[disease]] have 50% risk of transmitting the [[mutation]] to their offspring.<ref name="pmid15637391">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garber JE, Offit K |title=Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=276–92 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15637391 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2005.10.042 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The survival rate of the tumor varies according to different criteria including the stage of the tumor and even the geographic area of the patients. | *The [[survival rate]] of the [[tumor]] varies according to different criteria including the stage of the [[tumor]] and even the geographic area of the [[patients]]. | ||
**Regarding the variable accessibility of patients to the resources, it may range from < 30% in low and middle income societies to > 90% | **Regarding the variable accessibility of [[patients]] to the resources, it may range from < 30% in low and middle income societies to > 90% developed countries.<ref name="pmid22414599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dimaras H, Kimani K, Dimba EA, Gronsdahl P, White A, Chan HS, Gallie BL |title=Retinoblastoma |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9824 |pages=1436–46 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22414599 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The overall 5-year survival rate increased over the years and was reported 97.3% from 2000 to 2012.<ref name="FernandesPollock2018">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Arthur Gustavo|last2=Pollock|first2=Benjamin D.|last3=Rabito|first3=Felicia A.|title=Retinoblastoma in the United States: A 40-Year Incidence and Survival Analysis|journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus|volume=55|issue=3|year=2018|pages=182–188|issn=0191-3913|doi=10.3928/01913913-20171116-03}}</ref> | *The overall 5-year [[survival rate]] increased over the years and was reported 97.3% from 2000 to 2012.<ref name="FernandesPollock2018">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Arthur Gustavo|last2=Pollock|first2=Benjamin D.|last3=Rabito|first3=Felicia A.|title=Retinoblastoma in the United States: A 40-Year Incidence and Survival Analysis|journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus|volume=55|issue=3|year=2018|pages=182–188|issn=0191-3913|doi=10.3928/01913913-20171116-03}}</ref> | ||
*The 5-year survival rate also differs geographically and is higher in the United States than the 5-year survival rates reported in developing countries and regions. | *The 5-year [[survival rate]] also differs geographically and is higher in the United States than the 5-year [[survival rates]] reported in developing countries and regions. | ||
*The survival rate is higher for unilateral involvement than the bilateral form of the tumor. | *The [[survival rate]] is higher for unilateral involvement than the [[bilateral]] form of the [[tumor]]. | ||
*It has been observed that survival rate varies depending following factors: | *It has been observed that [[survival rate]] varies depending following factors: | ||
**Laterality of the tumor | **Laterality of the [[tumor]] | ||
**Age at the time of diagnosis | **Age at the time of [[diagnosis]] | ||
**Decade of diagnosis | **Decade of [[diagnosis]] | ||
*[[Prognosis]] is generally good, and the [[survival rate]] of patients with [[retinoblastoma]] with treatment is approximately 95%, in the United States.<ref name="pmid19477707">{{cite journal| author=Lin P, O'Brien JM| title=Frontiers in the management of retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 192-8 | pmid=19477707 | doi=10.1016/j.ajo.2009.04.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19477707 }} </ref> | *[[Prognosis]] is generally good, and the [[survival rate]] of patients with [[retinoblastoma]] with treatment is approximately 95%, in the United States.<ref name="pmid19477707">{{cite journal| author=Lin P, O'Brien JM| title=Frontiers in the management of retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 148 | issue= 2 | pages= 192-8 | pmid=19477707 | doi=10.1016/j.ajo.2009.04.004 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19477707 }} </ref> | ||
*The overall prognosis of trilateral retinoblastoma is poor and patients usually die within the first year of the diagnosis.<ref name="pmid8040018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blach LE, McCormick B, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM |title=Trilateral retinoblastoma--incidence and outcome: a decade of experience |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=729–33 |date=July 1994 |pmid=8040018 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The overall [[prognosis]] of trilateral [[retinoblastoma]] is poor and patients usually die within the first year of the [[diagnosis]].<ref name="pmid8040018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blach LE, McCormick B, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM |title=Trilateral retinoblastoma--incidence and outcome: a decade of experience |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=729–33 |date=July 1994 |pmid=8040018 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Intraocular Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) has been observed to have the ability to predict the outcome of chemotherapy:<ref name="pmid16996605">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, Shields JA |title=The International Classification of Retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=2276–80 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16996605 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018 |url=}}</ref> | *Intraocular Classification of [[Retinoblastoma]] (ICRB) has been observed to have the ability to predict the outcome of [[chemotherapy]]:<ref name="pmid16996605">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, Shields JA |title=The International Classification of Retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=2276–80 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16996605 |doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Category A-C is associated with ≥90% chance to salvage the eye. | **Category A-C is associated with ≥90% chance to salvage the [[eye]]. | ||
**Category D is associated with a 47% chance of eye salvage. | **Category D is associated with a 47% chance of [[eye]] salvage. | ||
**Category E is excluded due to eye enucleation. | **Category E is excluded due to eye [[enucleation]]. | ||
*Prognosis is usually poor with non-ocular tumor and it usually occurs in those who received radiation therapy for their primary retinoblastoma tumors.<ref name="pmid15196536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aerts I, Pacquement H, Doz F, Mosseri V, Desjardins L, Sastre X, Michon J, Rodriguez J, Schlienger P, Zucker JM, Quintana E |title=Outcome of second malignancies after retinoblastoma: a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated at the Institut Curie |journal=Eur. J. Cancer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1522–9 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15196536 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.023 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Prognosis]] is usually poor with non-ocular [[tumor]] and it usually occurs in those who received [[radiation therapy]] for their primary [[retinoblastoma]] [[tumors]].<ref name="pmid15196536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aerts I, Pacquement H, Doz F, Mosseri V, Desjardins L, Sastre X, Michon J, Rodriguez J, Schlienger P, Zucker JM, Quintana E |title=Outcome of second malignancies after retinoblastoma: a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated at the Institut Curie |journal=Eur. J. Cancer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=1522–9 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15196536 |doi=10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.023 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
===Complications of retinoblastoma=== | ===Complications of retinoblastoma=== | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
**[[Glaucoma]] | **[[Glaucoma]] | ||
Recurrence of [[tumor]]<br> | Recurrence of [[tumor]]<br> | ||
Trilateral | Trilateral [[retinoblastoma]] | ||
*Trilateral | *Trilateral [[retinoblastoma]] is a rare [[complication]] and more commonly affects those with [[bilateral]] [[disease]] who are less than 1 year of age.<ref name="DunkelJubran2010">{{cite journal|last1=Dunkel|first1=Ira J.|last2=Jubran|first2=Rima F.|last3=Gururangan|first3=Sri|last4=Chantada|first4=Guillermo L.|last5=Finlay|first5=Jonathan L.|last6=Goldman|first6=Stewart|last7=Khakoo|first7=Yasmin|last8=O'Brien|first8=Joan M.|last9=Orjuela|first9=Manuela|last10=Rodriguez-Galindo|first10=Carlos|last11=Souweidane|first11=Mark M.|last12=Abramson|first12=David H.|title=Trilateral retinoblastoma: Potentially curable with intensive chemotherapy|journal=Pediatric Blood & Cancer|volume=54|issue=3|year=2010|pages=384–387|issn=15455009|doi=10.1002/pbc.22336}}</ref> | ||
*Trilateral retinoblastoma is characterized by the combination of bilateral intraocular retinoblastoma and pineoblastoma, a primitive tumor of pineal gland.<ref name="KimDunkel2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jonathan W.|last2=Dunkel|first2=Ira|title=Trilateral Retinoblastoma|year=2015|pages=209–213|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_20}}</ref> | *Trilateral [[retinoblastoma]] is characterized by the combination of [[bilateral]] intraocular [[retinoblastoma]] and [[pineoblastoma]], a primitive [[tumor]] of [[pineal gland]].<ref name="KimDunkel2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jonathan W.|last2=Dunkel|first2=Ira|title=Trilateral Retinoblastoma|year=2015|pages=209–213|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_20}}</ref> | ||
*Patients with this complication may remain asymptomatic and will be discovered incidentally by imaging studies or they may indicate signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). | *Patients with this [[complication]] may remain [[asymptomatic]] and will be discovered incidentally by [[imaging studies]] or they may indicate [[signs]] of elevated [[intracranial pressure]] ([[ICP]]). | ||
Subsequent neoplasms | Subsequent [[neoplasms]] | ||
*Children with | *Children with [[germ-line]] [[mutation]] of [[RB1]] [[gene]] are at elevated risk of secondary [[malignant tumors]].<ref name="pmid19066271">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marees T, Moll AC, Imhof SM, de Boer MR, Ringens PJ, van Leeuwen FE |title=Risk of second malignancies in survivors of retinoblastoma: more than 40 years of follow-up |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=100 |issue=24 |pages=1771–9 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19066271 |doi=10.1093/jnci/djn394 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The most common secondary tumors include: | *The most common [[secondary]] [[tumors]] include: | ||
**Sarcoma | **[[Sarcoma]] | ||
**Melanoma | **[[Melanoma]] | ||
**Brain tumors | **[[Brain tumors]] | ||
*The estimated risk of developing a secondary tumor is 20 times greater than the general population. | *The estimated risk of developing a secondary [[tumor]] is 20 times greater than the general population. | ||
===Complications of retinoblastoma therapy=== | ===Complications of retinoblastoma therapy=== | ||
Revision as of 16:52, 17 May 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2] Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[3]
Overview
If left untreated, retinoblastoma may progress to develop seeding in the eye, leading to retinal detachment, necrosis and invasion of the orbit, optic nerve invasion, and central nervous system invasion. The majority of untreated patients die of intracranial extension and disseminated disease within one year. Spontaneous regression of the tumor is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases. Common complications of retinoblastoma include metastasis, tumor recurrence, trilateral retinoblastoma, and subsequent neoplasms. Prognosis is generally good, and the survival rate of patients with retinoblastoma with treatment is approximately 95% in the United States.
Natural History
- Retinoblastoma usually first presents with leukocoria.[1]
- Left untreated, retinoblastoma may be deadly. The tumor will continue growing and filling the entire globe with subsequent metastasis.
- The tumor remains within the globe and curable within 3 to 6 months of its first presentation (leukocoria). Any delay in the diagnosis will decrease the survival rate.[2]
- Death may occur within one year of metastasis.
- Metastasis may occurs through four possible way:[3][4][5][6]
- Direct invasion of the central nervous system via the optic nerve.
- Through the subarachnoid space to the contralateral optic nerve
- Through the cerebrospinal fluid to the central nervous system
- Hematogenously to the lungs, bone, and brain.
- The tumor may also spread via lymphatic pathway if the tumor dispers anteriorly into the conjunctivae, eyelids, or extraocular tissue.
- Spontaneous regression of the tumor is a rare occurrence but may occur in a small number of cases.[7]
- Retinoblastoma is bilateral in 25%–35% of cases.[8]
Prognosis
- Those with heritable form of the disease have 50% risk of transmitting the mutation to their offspring.[9]
- The survival rate of the tumor varies according to different criteria including the stage of the tumor and even the geographic area of the patients.
- The overall 5-year survival rate increased over the years and was reported 97.3% from 2000 to 2012.[11]
- The 5-year survival rate also differs geographically and is higher in the United States than the 5-year survival rates reported in developing countries and regions.
- The survival rate is higher for unilateral involvement than the bilateral form of the tumor.
- It has been observed that survival rate varies depending following factors:
- Prognosis is generally good, and the survival rate of patients with retinoblastoma with treatment is approximately 95%, in the United States.[12]
- The overall prognosis of trilateral retinoblastoma is poor and patients usually die within the first year of the diagnosis.[13]
- Intraocular Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) has been observed to have the ability to predict the outcome of chemotherapy:[14]
- Category A-C is associated with ≥90% chance to salvage the eye.
- Category D is associated with a 47% chance of eye salvage.
- Category E is excluded due to eye enucleation.
- Prognosis is usually poor with non-ocular tumor and it usually occurs in those who received radiation therapy for their primary retinoblastoma tumors.[15]
Complications
Complications of retinoblastoma
- Metastatic disease associates with poor prognosis.
- Several histopathologic factors has been associated with increased risk of metastasis. these include:[16]
- Presence of orbital invasion
- Retrolaminar invasion of optic nerve
- Scleral and extrascleral invasion
- Massive choroidal invasion
- Anterior segment involvement
- The most important prognostic factor are the involvement of optic nerve posterior to the lamina cribrosa and extrascleral spread of tumor into the orbit.
- Other elements with probable risk of tumor metastasis include:
- Massive choroidal invasion
- Tumor invasion into the anterior chamber
- Large tumor size with vitreous seeding
- Neovascularization of the iris
- Glaucoma
Recurrence of tumor
Trilateral retinoblastoma
- Trilateral retinoblastoma is a rare complication and more commonly affects those with bilateral disease who are less than 1 year of age.[17]
- Trilateral retinoblastoma is characterized by the combination of bilateral intraocular retinoblastoma and pineoblastoma, a primitive tumor of pineal gland.[18]
- Patients with this complication may remain asymptomatic and will be discovered incidentally by imaging studies or they may indicate signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP).
Subsequent neoplasms
- Children with germ-line mutation of RB1 gene are at elevated risk of secondary malignant tumors.[19]
- The most common secondary tumors include:
- The estimated risk of developing a secondary tumor is 20 times greater than the general population.
Complications of retinoblastoma therapy
References
- ↑ Pizzo, Philip (2011). Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. ISBN 160547682X.
- ↑ Goddard AG, Kingston JE, Hungerford JL (December 1999). "Delay in diagnosis of retinoblastoma: risk factors and treatment outcome". Br J Ophthalmol. 83 (12): 1320–3. PMID 10574806.
- ↑ Singh, Arun D., Carol L. Shields, and Jerry A. Shields. "Prognostic factors in retinoblastoma." Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 37.3 (2000): 134.
- ↑ Khelfaoui F, Validire P, Auperin A, Quintana E, Michon J, Pacquement H, Desjardins L, Asselain B, Schlienger P, Vielh P (March 1996). "Histopathologic risk factors in retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 172 patients treated in a single institution". Cancer. 77 (6): 1206–13. PMID 8635145.
- ↑ Kim JW, Kathpalia V, Dunkel IJ, Wong RK, Riedel E, Abramson DH (April 2009). "Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation". Br J Ophthalmol. 93 (4): 463–7. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.138453. PMID 18757474.
- ↑ Leal-Leal CA, Rivera-Luna R, Flores-Rojo M, Juárez-Echenique JC, Ordaz JC, Amador-Zarco J (January 2006). "Survival in extra-orbital metastatic retinoblastoma:treatment results". Clin Transl Oncol. 8 (1): 39–44. PMID 16632438.
- ↑ Khodadoust AA, Roozitalab HM, Smith RE, Green WR (1977). "Spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma". Surv Ophthalmol. 21 (6): 467–78. PMID 898013.
- ↑ Chandra, Suresh R. (1994). "Intraocular Tumors: A Text and Atlas". Archives of Ophthalmology. 112 (2): 169. doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090140045016. ISSN 0003-9950.
- ↑ Garber JE, Offit K (January 2005). "Hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (2): 276–92. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.10.042. PMID 15637391.
- ↑ Dimaras H, Kimani K, Dimba EA, Gronsdahl P, White A, Chan HS, Gallie BL (April 2012). "Retinoblastoma". Lancet. 379 (9824): 1436–46. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9. PMID 22414599.
- ↑ Fernandes, Arthur Gustavo; Pollock, Benjamin D.; Rabito, Felicia A. (2018). "Retinoblastoma in the United States: A 40-Year Incidence and Survival Analysis". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus. 55 (3): 182–188. doi:10.3928/01913913-20171116-03. ISSN 0191-3913.
- ↑ Lin P, O'Brien JM (2009). "Frontiers in the management of retinoblastoma". Am J Ophthalmol. 148 (2): 192–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.04.004. PMID 19477707.
- ↑ Blach LE, McCormick B, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM (July 1994). "Trilateral retinoblastoma--incidence and outcome: a decade of experience". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 29 (4): 729–33. PMID 8040018.
- ↑ Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, Shields JA (December 2006). "The International Classification of Retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success". Ophthalmology. 113 (12): 2276–80. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018. PMID 16996605.
- ↑ Aerts I, Pacquement H, Doz F, Mosseri V, Desjardins L, Sastre X, Michon J, Rodriguez J, Schlienger P, Zucker JM, Quintana E (July 2004). "Outcome of second malignancies after retinoblastoma: a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated at the Institut Curie". Eur. J. Cancer. 40 (10): 1522–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.03.023. PMID 15196536.
- ↑ Chévez-Barrios, Patricia; Eagle, Ralph C.; Marback, Eduardo F. (2015). "Histopathologic Features and Prognostic Factors": 167–183. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_16.
- ↑ Dunkel, Ira J.; Jubran, Rima F.; Gururangan, Sri; Chantada, Guillermo L.; Finlay, Jonathan L.; Goldman, Stewart; Khakoo, Yasmin; O'Brien, Joan M.; Orjuela, Manuela; Rodriguez-Galindo, Carlos; Souweidane, Mark M.; Abramson, David H. (2010). "Trilateral retinoblastoma: Potentially curable with intensive chemotherapy". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 54 (3): 384–387. doi:10.1002/pbc.22336. ISSN 1545-5009.
- ↑ Kim, Jonathan W.; Dunkel, Ira (2015). "Trilateral Retinoblastoma": 209–213. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_20.
- ↑ Marees T, Moll AC, Imhof SM, de Boer MR, Ringens PJ, van Leeuwen FE (December 2008). "Risk of second malignancies in survivors of retinoblastoma: more than 40 years of follow-up". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100 (24): 1771–9. doi:10.1093/jnci/djn394. PMID 19066271.