Peripheral arterial disease causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Peripheral arterial disease]] (PAD) is most commonly a manifestation of [[atherosclerosis]] resulting from vascular inflammation. Other uncommon causes should be suspected when the PAD occurs occurs at a young age and in the context of a positive history. Uncommon causes include degenerative diseases ([[marfan's syndrome]] and [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|ehlers-danlos syndrome]]), dysplastic disorders ([[fibromuscular dysplasia]]), inflammatory diseases (arteritis) and hypercoagulable states.
[[Peripheral arterial disease]] (PAD) is most commonly a manifestation of [[atherosclerosis]] resulting from vascular inflammation. Other uncommon causes should be suspected when the PAD occurs at a young age and in the context of a positive history. Uncommon causes include degenerative diseases ([[Marfan's syndrome]] and [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]), dysplastic disorders ([[fibromuscular dysplasia]]), inflammatory diseases ([[arteritis]]) and hypercoagulable states.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
===Common Causes===
*[[Arterial dissection]]
*[[Atheroembolism]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Thromboangiitis obliterans]]
*[[Thromboembolism]]
*[[aneurysm|Thrombosed aneurysm]]
===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Arteriomegaly]], [[Arteritis]], [[Atherosclerosis]], [[Erdheim cystic medial necrosis]], [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[Hypertension]], [[Leriche syndrome]], [[Multifocal fibrosclerosis]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Takayasu's arteritis]], [[Temporal arteritis]], [[Thromboangiitis obliterans]], [[Thromboembolism]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Arterial dissection]], [[arteriomegaly]], [[arteritis]], [[atheroembolism]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[Buergers disease]], [[cystic adventitial disease]], [[cystic medial necrosis|Erdheim cystic medial necrosis]], [[fibromuscular dysplasia]], [[hypertension]], [[Leriche's syndrome]], [[multifocal fibrosclerosis]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[Takayasu's arteritis]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[thromboangiitis obliterans]], [[thromboembolism]], [[aneurysm|thrombosed aneurysm]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ergotism|Ergot use]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ergotism|Ergot use]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoking]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Deafness peripheral neuropathy and arterial disease]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, forme fruste]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Deafness peripheral neuropathy and arterial disease]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]], [[heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[Marfan's syndrome]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Homocysteinemia]], [[Hypercoagulable state]], [[In situ thrombosis]], [[Thrombophilias]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypercoagulable state]], [[thrombophilia]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Surgery]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[arteritis|Radiation arteritis]], [[radiation fibrosis]], [[surgery]], [[thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neurofibromatosis]], [[Sneddon syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperlipidemia]], [[hyperhomocysteinemia|homocysteinemia]], [[lipoprotein disorders classification|lipoproteinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cancer]], [[tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sneddon syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Buergers disease]], [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]], [[Sneddon syndrome]], [[thromboangiitis obliterans]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[sports injury|Iliac endofibrosis (athletic injury)]], [[trauma|limb trauma]], [[popliteal artery entrapment syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
*[[Arterial dissection]]
*[[Arteriomegaly]]
*[[Arteriomegaly]]
*[[Arteritis]]
*[[Arteritis]]
*[[Atheroembolism]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Buergers disease]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cancer]]
*[[Cystic adventitial disease]]
*[[Deafness peripheral neuropathy and arterial disease]]
*[[Deafness peripheral neuropathy and arterial disease]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Diabetes]] <ref name="pmid24913468">{{cite journal| author=Okello S, Millard A, Owori R, Asiimwe SB, Siedner MJ, Rwebembera J et al.| title=Prevalence of lower extremity peripheral artery disease among adult diabetes patients in southwestern Uganda. | journal=BMC Cardiovasc Disord | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue=  | pages= 75 | pmid=24913468 | doi=10.1186/1471-2261-14-75 | pmc=PMC4057935 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24913468  }} </ref>
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
*[[Erdheim cystic medial necrosis]]
*[[cystic medial necrosis|Erdheim cystic medial necrosis]]
*[[ergotism|Ergot use]]
*[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
*[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
*[[Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[Homocysteinemia]]
*[[hyperhomocysteinemia|Homocysteinemia]]
*[[Hypercoagulable state]]
*[[Hypercoagulable state]]
*[[Hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[In situ thrombosis]]
*[[sports injury|Iliac endofibrosis (athletic injury)]]
*[[Leriche syndrome]]
*[[Leriche's syndrome]]
*[[Lipoproteinemia]]
*[[trauma|Limb trauma]]
*[[lipoprotein disorders classification|Lipoproteinemia]]
*[[Marfan's syndrome]]
*[[Marfan's syndrome]]
*[[Multifocal fibrosclerosis]]
*[[Multifocal fibrosclerosis]]
*[[Neurofibramatosis]]
*[[Neurofibromatosis]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Old age]]
*[[Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome]]
*[[Positive family history]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
*[[Prolonged immobilization]]
*[[arteritis|Radiation arteritis]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, forme fruste]]
*[[Radiation fibrosis]]
*[[Sedentary life style]]
*[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Sneddon syndrome]]
*[[Sneddon syndrome]]
*[[Surgery]]
*[[Surgery]]
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*[[Thromboangiitis obliterans]]
*[[Thromboangiitis obliterans]]
*[[Thromboembolism]]
*[[Thromboembolism]]
*[[Thrombophilias]]
*[[Thrombophilia]]
*[[Thrombosis]]
*[[Tumor]]
*[[aneurysm|Thrombosed aneurysm]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 18:30, 6 October 2020

Peripheral arterial disease Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Peripheral arterial disease from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

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CT

MRI

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Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Guidelines for Management

Case Studies

Case #1

AHA/ACC Guidelines on Management of Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Clinical Assessment of Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing for suspected PAD

Guidelines for Screening for Atherosclerotic Disease in Other Vascular Beds in patients with Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Medical Therapy for Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Structured Exercise Therapy for Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Minimizing Tissue Loss in Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Revascularization of Claudication in Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Management of CLI in Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Management of Acute Limb Ischemial in Lower Extremity PAD

Guidelines for Longitudinal Follow-up for Lower Extremity PAD

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Rim Halaby

Overview

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is most commonly a manifestation of atherosclerosis resulting from vascular inflammation. Other uncommon causes should be suspected when the PAD occurs at a young age and in the context of a positive history. Uncommon causes include degenerative diseases (Marfan's syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), dysplastic disorders (fibromuscular dysplasia), inflammatory diseases (arteritis) and hypercoagulable states.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Arterial dissection, arteriomegaly, arteritis, atheroembolism, atherosclerosis, Buergers disease, cystic adventitial disease, Erdheim cystic medial necrosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, hypertension, Leriche's syndrome, multifocal fibrosclerosis, Sneddon syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, thromboangiitis obliterans, thromboembolism, thrombosed aneurysm, vasculitis
Chemical / poisoning Ergot use
Dermatologic Sneddon syndrome, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect Ergot use
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Diabetes
Environmental Smoking
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Deafness peripheral neuropathy and arterial disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, Marfan's syndrome, neurofibromatosis, pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Hematologic Hypercoagulable state, thrombophilia, thrombosis
Iatrogenic Radiation arteritis, radiation fibrosis, surgery, thrombosis
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Neurofibromatosis, Sneddon syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Hyperlipidemia, homocysteinemia, lipoproteinemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Cancer, tumor
Opthalmologic Sneddon syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Buergers disease, retroperitoneal fibrosis, Sneddon syndrome, thromboangiitis obliterans, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Iliac endofibrosis (athletic injury), limb trauma, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Urologic Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Obesity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Okello S, Millard A, Owori R, Asiimwe SB, Siedner MJ, Rwebembera J; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of lower extremity peripheral artery disease among adult diabetes patients in southwestern Uganda". BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 14: 75. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-75. PMC 4057935. PMID 24913468.


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