Osteoporosis causes: Difference between revisions
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*[[Cystic Fibrosis]] | *[[Cystic Fibrosis]] | ||
*[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid17112423">{{cite journal | | *[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid17112423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gold DT, Solimeo S |title=Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective |journal=Curr Osteoporos Rep |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=134–9 |year=2006 |pmid=17112423 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Dexamethasone]] | *[[Dexamethasone]] | ||
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*[[Down Syndrome]] | *[[Down Syndrome]] | ||
*[[Dyskeratosis Congenita]]<ref name="pmid18028256">{{cite journal | | *[[Dyskeratosis Congenita]]<ref name="pmid18028256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, Shen J, Lee SH, Choi Y, Wright AC, Johnson FB |title=Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis |journal=Aging Cell |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |year=2008 |pmid=18028256 |pmc=2394673 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]] | *[[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]] | ||
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*[[Glucocorticoid]]s | *[[Glucocorticoid]]s | ||
*[[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid11547842">{{cite journal | | *[[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]]<ref name="pmid11547842">{{cite journal |vauthors=Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, Boyde A, Murphey MD, Wientroub S, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Robey PG, Bianco P |title=Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing |journal=J. Bone Miner. Res. |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1710–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11547842 |doi=10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Gonadal dysgenesis]] | *[[Gonadal dysgenesis]] | ||
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*[[Homocystinuria]] | *[[Homocystinuria]] | ||
*[[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid16838330">{{cite journal | | *[[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid16838330">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hennekam RC |title=Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=140 |issue=23 |pages=2603–24 |year=2006 |pmid=16838330 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31346 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]] | *[[Hyper IgE syndrome]] / [[Job syndrome]] | ||
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*[[Isotretinoin]] | *[[Isotretinoin]] | ||
*[[Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1415349">{{cite journal | | *[[Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome]]<ref name="pmid1415349">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, Rosenbaum KN, Orrison BM, Marini JC, Bernardini I, Saal HM |title=New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=983–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1415349 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320430615 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Kallmann syndrome]] | *[[Kallmann syndrome]] | ||
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]]<ref name="pmid21214887">{{cite journal | | *[[Klinefelter syndrome]]<ref name="pmid21214887">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C |title=Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=878–84 |year=2011 |pmid=21214887 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Kidney disease]] | *[[Kidney disease]] | ||
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*[[Lactotroph adenoma]] | *[[Lactotroph adenoma]] | ||
*[[Larsen syndrome, recessive type]]<ref name="pmid9237505">{{cite journal | | *[[Larsen syndrome, recessive type]]<ref name="pmid9237505">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T |title=Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=408–11 |year=1997 |pmid=9237505 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Leukemia]] | *[[Leukemia]] | ||
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*[[Marie-Bamberg syndrome]] | *[[Marie-Bamberg syndrome]] | ||
*[[Menkes Disease]]<ref name="pmid15876739">{{cite journal |author=Tanaka H |title=[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis] | *[[Menkes Disease]]<ref name="pmid15876739">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka H| title=[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]. | journal=Clin Calcium | year= 2005 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 776-82 | pmid=15876739 | doi=CliCa0505776782 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15876739 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Menopause]] | *[[Menopause]] | ||
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*[[Multiple Myeloma]] | *[[Multiple Myeloma]] | ||
*[[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19653001">{{cite journal | | *[[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19653001">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, Hacihamdioglu B, Kocaoglu M, Bonafe L, Ozen S |title=Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene |journal=Eur. J. Pediatr. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=363–7 |year=2010 |pmid=19653001 |doi=10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]] | *[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]] | ||
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*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]] | *[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]] | ||
*[[Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness]]<ref name="pmid7265806">{{cite journal | | *[[Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness]]<ref name="pmid7265806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heide T |title=[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)] |language=German |journal=Klin Padiatr |volume=193 |issue=4 |pages=334–40 |year=1981 |pmid=7265806 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1034490 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8721572">{{cite journal | | *[[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8721572">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R |title=Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome? |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=46–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8721572 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8659519">{{cite journal | | *[[Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8659519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, Liu J, Beighton P, Ramesar R, Peltonen L, Somer H, Hirose T, Dallapiccola B, De Paepe A, Swoboda W, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A, Steinmann B, Brunner HG, Jans A, Boles RG, Adkins W, van den Boogaard MJ, Olsen BR, Warman ML |title=Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=146–51 |year=1996 |pmid=8659519 |pmc=1915094 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
{{ColBreak}} | {{ColBreak}} | ||
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*[[Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency]] | *[[Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency]] | ||
*[[Pointer syndrome]]<ref name="pmid9028464">{{cite journal | | *[[Pointer syndrome]]<ref name="pmid9028464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, Bacino CA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS, Levin ML |title=The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=225–30 |year=1997 |pmid=9028464 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Postgastrectomy]] | *[[Postgastrectomy]] | ||
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*[[Prader-Willi syndrome]] | *[[Prader-Willi syndrome]] | ||
*[[Prednisolone]]<ref name="pmid1525702">{{cite journal | | *[[Prednisolone]]<ref name="pmid1525702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, Daugaard H, Egfjord M, Lewin E, Brandi L |title=Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort |journal=Calcif. Tissue Int. |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=490–7 |year=1992 |pmid=1525702 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Prednisone]] | *[[Prednisone]] | ||
Line 411: | Line 411: | ||
*[[Premature ovarian failure]] | *[[Premature ovarian failure]] | ||
*[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid22708337">{{cite journal | | *[[Pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid22708337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W |title=Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report |journal=Ginekol. Pol. |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=377–9 |year=2012 |pmid=22708337 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Premature aging]] | *[[Premature aging]] | ||
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*[[Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome]] | *[[Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome]] | ||
*[[Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid22662000">{{cite journal | | *[[Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid22662000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA |title=The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia |journal=Arch Med Sci |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=270–6 |year=2012 |pmid=22662000 |pmc=3361039 |doi=10.5114/aoms.2012.28554 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]] | *[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]] | ||
*[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]<ref name="pmid175395">{{cite journal | | *[[Singleton-Merten syndrome]]<ref name="pmid175395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gay BB, Kuhn JP |title=A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome) |journal=Radiology |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=389–95 |year=1976 |pmid=175395 |doi=10.1148/118.2.389 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19206178">{{cite journal | | *[[Snyder-Robinson syndrome]]<ref name="pmid19206178">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, McCloskey DE, Wang X, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE, Sánchez-Corona J, García-Ortiz JE |title=A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. A |volume=149A |issue=3 |pages=328–35 |year=2009 |pmid=19206178 |pmc=2653108 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.32641 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism]] | *[[Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism]] | ||
Line 453: | Line 453: | ||
*[[Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta]] | *[[Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta]] | ||
*[[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12719077">{{cite journal | | *[[Spondylo-ocular syndrome]]<ref name="pmid12719077">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Haritoglou C, Hergersberg M, Meitinger T, Schmidt H |title=Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly |journal=Am. J. Ophthalmol. |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=681–7 |year=2003 |pmid=12719077 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Storm syndrome]] | *[[Storm syndrome]] | ||
Line 463: | Line 463: | ||
*[[Thick skull syndrome]] | *[[Thick skull syndrome]] | ||
*[[Torg osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20720557">{{cite journal | | *[[Torg osteolysis syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20720557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH |title=A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=764–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20720557 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2010.102 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]] | *[[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]] | ||
Line 489: | Line 489: | ||
*[[Winchester syndrome]] | *[[Winchester syndrome]] | ||
*[[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10932183">{{cite journal | | *[[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]]<ref name="pmid10932183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C |title=EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=406–9 |year=2000 |pmid=10932183 |doi=10.1038/78085 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Wolman syndrome]] | *[[Wolman syndrome]] |
Revision as of 14:20, 2 August 2017
Osteoporosis Microchapters |
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Osteoporosis causes On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. The most common causes of osteoporosis include aging, chronic renal failure, nutritional deficiency of calcium and / or vitamin D, immobility, hyperparathyroidism, menopause and chronic glucocorticoid abuse.
Causes
Common Causes
- Aging
- Alcoholism
- Anorexia nervosa
- Calcium deficiency
- Chronic renal failure
- Female athlete triad
- Gonadal dysgenesis
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypophosphatemic rickets
- Idiopathic
- Immobility
- Menopause
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Paget's disease of bone
- Prednisolone
- Primary hypoparathyroidism
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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References
- ↑ Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L, Siciliano G, Migliorino V, Vetri M, Tita P (2011). "Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients". Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 8 (3): 37–43. PMC 3279059. PMID 22461828.
- ↑ Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G (2009). "Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report". J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 27 (3): 184–8. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57101. PMID 19841552.
- ↑ Legrand E, Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Audran M (2012). "[Osteoporosis in men]". Rev Prat (in French). 62 (2): 193–7. PMID 22408860.
- ↑ Krysiak R, Okopień B (2012). "[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 32 (187): 70–3. PMID 22400185.
- ↑ Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J (1992). "Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density". J Am Paraplegia Soc. 15 (4): 232–4. PMID 1431871.
- ↑ Parfitt AM (1976). "The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part IV of IV parts: The state of the bones in uremic hyperaparathyroidism--the mechanisms of skeletal resistance to PTH in renal failure and pseudohypoparathyroidism and the role of PTH in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteofluorosis". Metab. Clin. Exp. 25 (10): 1157–88. PMID 787723.
- ↑ Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, Kobayashi K, Tsuda C, Miyazaki T, Saito M, Marumo K, Yonezawa I, Kaneko K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T (2011). "Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (11): 2682–94. doi:10.1002/jbmr.489. PMID 22025246.
- ↑ Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J (2012). "TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 166 (6): 1039–48. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1082. PMID 22450549.
- ↑ Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM (2003). "Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports". J. Forensic Sci. 48 (4): 849–55. PMID 12877306.
- ↑ Vasireddy S, Swinson DR (2001). "Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1702–3. PMID 11469484.
- ↑ Gold DT, Solimeo S (2006). "Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 4 (4): 134–9. PMID 17112423.
- ↑ Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, Shen J, Lee SH, Choi Y, Wright AC, Johnson FB (2008). "Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis". Aging Cell. 7 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x. PMC 2394673. PMID 18028256.
- ↑ Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN (1996). "Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder". Iowa Orthop J. 16: 126–34. PMC 2378151. PMID 9129284.
- ↑ Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC (2006). "Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family". Pediatr Dermatol. 23 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x. PMID 17014644.
- ↑ Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, Boyde A, Murphey MD, Wientroub S, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Robey PG, Bianco P (2001). "Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing". J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 (9): 1710–8. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710. PMID 11547842.
- ↑ Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T (2012). "A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 25 (1–2): 171–3. PMID 22570971.
- ↑ Hennekam RC (2006). "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 140 (23): 2603–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346. PMID 16838330.
- ↑ Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Jarząbek-Bielecka G, Friebe Z, Syrenicz A (2011). "Effects of oestrogen deficiency on bone mineralisation in girls during "adolescent crisis"". Endokrynol Pol. 62 (6): 538–46. PMID 22144221.
- ↑ Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, Rosenbaum KN, Orrison BM, Marini JC, Bernardini I, Saal HM (1992). "New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (6): 983–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430615. PMID 1415349.
- ↑ Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C (2011). "Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 100 (6): 878–84. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x. PMID 21214887.
- ↑ Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T (1997). "Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome". Clin. Genet. 51 (6): 408–11. PMID 9237505.
- ↑ Tanaka H (2005). "[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]". Clin Calcium. 15 (5): 776–82. doi:CliCa0505776782 Check
|doi=
value (help). PMID 15876739. - ↑ Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, Hacihamdioglu B, Kocaoglu M, Bonafe L, Ozen S (2010). "Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene". Eur. J. Pediatr. 169 (3): 363–7. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7. PMID 19653001.
- ↑ Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA (1989). "[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration]". Arch. Fr. Pediatr. (in French). 46 (6): 429–32. PMID 2783003.
- ↑ Heide T (1981). "[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)]". Klin Padiatr (in German). 193 (4): 334–40. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034490. PMID 7265806.
- ↑ Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R (1996). "Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome?". Clin. Genet. 49 (1): 46–8. PMID 8721572.
- ↑ Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, Liu J, Beighton P, Ramesar R, Peltonen L, Somer H, Hirose T, Dallapiccola B, De Paepe A, Swoboda W, Zabel B, Superti-Furga A, Steinmann B, Brunner HG, Jans A, Boles RG, Adkins W, van den Boogaard MJ, Olsen BR, Warman ML (1996). "Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (1): 146–51. PMC 1915094. PMID 8659519.
- ↑ Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, Bacino CA, Rimoin DL, Lachman RS, Levin ML (1997). "The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties". Am. J. Med. Genet. 68 (2): 225–30. PMID 9028464.
- ↑ Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, Daugaard H, Egfjord M, Lewin E, Brandi L (1992). "Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort". Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (6): 490–7. PMID 1525702.
- ↑ Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W (2012). "Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report". Ginekol. Pol. 83 (5): 377–9. PMID 22708337.
- ↑ Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA (2012). "The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia". Arch Med Sci. 8 (2): 270–6. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.28554. PMC 3361039. PMID 22662000.
- ↑ Gay BB, Kuhn JP (1976). "A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome)". Radiology. 118 (2): 389–95. doi:10.1148/118.2.389. PMID 175395.
- ↑ Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, McCloskey DE, Wang X, Pegg AE, Schwartz CE, Sánchez-Corona J, García-Ortiz JE (2009). "A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 149A (3): 328–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32641. PMC 2653108. PMID 19206178.
- ↑ Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J (1989). "Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation". Pediatr Radiol. 19 (6–7): 417–24. PMID 2771481.
- ↑ Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, Lichtner P, Haritoglou C, Hergersberg M, Meitinger T, Schmidt H (2003). "Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135 (5): 681–7. PMID 12719077.
- ↑ Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH (2010). "A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome". J. Hum. Genet. 55 (11): 764–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.102. PMID 20720557.
- ↑ Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C (2000). "EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome". Nat. Genet. 25 (4): 406–9. doi:10.1038/78085. PMID 10932183.