Osteoporosis causes: Difference between revisions
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===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Werner syndrome]], [[Storm syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Chemical / poisoning''' | | '''Chemical / poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ethanol]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ethanol]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency]], [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Winchester syndrome]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency]], [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Winchester syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cyproterone]], [[Dexamethasone]], [[Exemestane]], [[Flunisolide]], [[Goserelin]], [[Heparin]], [[Isotretinoin]], [[Methylprednisolone]],[[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Prednisone]], [[Triamcinolone]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cyproterone]], [[Dexamethasone]], [[Exemestane]], [[Flunisolide]], [[Goserelin]], [[Heparin]], [[Isotretinoin]], [[Methylprednisolone]],[[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pergolide]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Prednisolone]], [[Prednisone]], [[Triamcinolone]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Andropause]], [[Acromegaly]],[[Aromatase deficiency]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperadrenalism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]],[[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] -- [[Syndactyly]], [[Hypopituitaryism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Primary hypoparathyroidism]], [[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]], [[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Andropause]], [[Acromegaly]], [[Aromatase deficiency]], [[Cushing's disease]], [[Cushing's syndrome]], [[Diabetes Mellitus]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Gonadal dysgenesis]], [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperadrenalism]], [[Hyperparathyroidism]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] -- [[Syndactyly]], [[Hypopituitaryism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], [[Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance]], [[Primary hypoparathyroidism]], [[Sub clinical hypothyroidism]], [[Galactorrhoea]]-[[Hyperprolactinaemia]], [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | | '''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | | '''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Celiac Disease]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Chronic Liver Disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Maldigestion]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Wilson's Disease]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Celiac Disease]], [[Cholestasis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis]], [[Chronic Liver Disease]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Maldigestion]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], [[Wilson's Disease]], Wolman syndrome, [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25]], [[Down Syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25]], [[Down Syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - progeroid form]], [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]]/[[Job syndrome]], Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies, Larsen syndrome- recessive type, [[Lobstein disease]], [[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Marfan syndrome]], Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type, [[Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], Osteolysis hereditary multicentric, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], Pena Shokeir syndrome, [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Sakati syndrome]], [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], [[Sponastrime dysplasia]], Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, [[Storm syndrome]], Thick skull syndrome, [[Urban rogers meyer syndrome]], Spinocerebellar ataxia --dysmorphism, [[Wolcott-Rallison syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha thalassemia]], [[Beta thalassemia]], [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Generalized mastocytosis]], [[Hemoglobin H disease]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Sickle cell anemia]], [[Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alpha thalassemia]], [[Beta thalassemia]], [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[Generalized mastocytosis]], [[Hemoglobin H disease]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]], [[Sickle cell anemia]], [[Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Glucocorticoid]]-induced osteoporosis, [[Anticonvulsant]]-induced osteoporosis, | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy]], [[Boyd-Stearns syndrome]], [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers-Danlos syndrome- progeroid form]], [[Female athlete triad]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], Fontaine-Farriaux-Lanckaert syndrome, [[Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia]], [[Geroderma osteodysplastica]], Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis, [[Hajdu-Cheney syndrome]], [[Hyper IgE syndrome]]/[[Job syndrome]], [[Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia]], Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome, [[Lobstein disease]], [[Lockwood-Feingold syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]], Pena Shokeir syndrome, [[Oncogenic osteomalacia]], Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, [[Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia]], [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Paget's disease of bone]], Pointer syndrome, [[Prader-Willi syndrome]], Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome, Riley Shwachman syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, [[Singleton-Merten syndrome]], Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome,[[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]], Systemic infantile hyalinosis, Torg osteolysis syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase|Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acroosteolysis neurogenic]], [[Brown-Sequard Syndrome]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]], Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism, [[Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis]] , [[Tuberous sclerosis]], [[Werner syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]] | ||
, [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile]], [[Rajab-Spranger syndrome]], | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Calcium deficiency]], [[Copper deficiency]], [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]], Excessive [[Dieting]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Glycerol kinase deficiency]], [[Homocystinuria]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Calcium deficiency]], [[Copper deficiency]], [[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]], [[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]], Excessive [[Dieting]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Glycerol kinase deficiency]], [[Homocystinuria]], Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form, [[Haemochromatosis]], [[Hypophosphatemic rickets]], [[Infantile sialic acid storage disorder]], [[Lysinuric protein intolerance]], [[Menkes Disease]], [[Methylmalonic acidemia]], [[Oxalosis]], Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency, [[Prolidase deficiency]], [[Protein deficiency]], [[Underweight]], [[Vitamin C deficiency]]/[[Scurvy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Female athlete triad]], [[Menopause]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Pregnancy]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Female athlete triad]], [[Menopause]], [[Ovarian insufficiency]], [[Pregnancy]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal adenoma]], [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], [[Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lactotroph adenoma]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple Myeloma]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Opthalmologic''' | | '''Opthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eccentrochondrodysplasia]], Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, [[Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa]], [[Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome]], Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, [[Winchester syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | | '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | | '''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Depression]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Depression]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[Cystic Fibrosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Chronic acidosis]], [[Chronic hypophosphatemia]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Kidney disease]], [[Renal osteodystrophy]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome]], [[Chronic acidosis]], [[Chronic hypophosphatemia]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]], [[Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome]], [[Kidney disease]], [[Renal osteodystrophy]], Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Rheumatoid disease]], [[Sarcoidosis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Dyskeratosis Congenita]], [[Rheumatoid disease]], [[Sarcoidosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | | '''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | | '''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | | '''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dental''' | | '''Dental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aging]], [[Alcoholism]], [[Athletes]], [[Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome]], | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aging]], [[Alcoholism]], [[Athletes]], [[Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome]], Davis syndrome, [[Idiopathic]], [[Immobility]], Lack of exercise, Marie-Bamberg syndrome, [[Mixed connective tissue disease]], [[Orchidectomy]], [[Postgastrectomy]], [[Premature aging]], Pseudoprogeria syndrome, [[Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome]], [[Zero gravity]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 13:22, 2 August 2017
Osteoporosis Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Medical Therapy |
Case Studies |
Osteoporosis causes On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Osteoporosis causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. The most common causes of osteoporosis include aging, chronic renal failure, nutritional deficiency of calcium and / or vitamin D, immobility, hyperparathyroidism, menopause and chronic glucocorticoid abuse.
Causes
Common Causes
- Aging
- Alcoholism
- Anorexia nervosa
- Calcium deficiency
- Chronic renal failure
- Female athlete triad
- Gonadal dysgenesis
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypophosphatemic rickets
- Idiopathic
- Immobility
- Menopause
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Paget's disease of bone
- Prednisolone
- Primary hypoparathyroidism
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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References
- ↑ Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L; et al. (2011). "Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients". Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 8 (3): 37–43. PMC 3279059. PMID 22461828. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G (2009). "Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report". J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 27 (3): 184–8. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57101. PMID 19841552.
- ↑ Legrand E, Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Audran M (2012). "[Osteoporosis in men]". Rev Prat (in French). 62 (2): 193–7. PMID 22408860. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Krysiak R, Okopień B (2012). "[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski (in Polish). 32 (187): 70–3. PMID 22400185. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J (1992). "Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density". J Am Paraplegia Soc. 15 (4): 232–4. PMID 1431871. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Parfitt AM (1976). "The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part IV of IV parts: The state of the bones in uremic hyperaparathyroidism--the mechanisms of skeletal resistance to PTH in renal failure and pseudohypoparathyroidism and the role of PTH in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteofluorosis". Metab. Clin. Exp. 25 (10): 1157–88. PMID 787723. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D; et al. (2011). "Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (11): 2682–94. doi:10.1002/jbmr.489. PMID 22025246. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J (2012). "TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 166 (6): 1039–48. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1082. PMID 22450549. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM (2003). "Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports". J. Forensic Sci. 48 (4): 849–55. PMID 12877306. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Vasireddy S, Swinson DR (2001). "Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1702–3. PMID 11469484. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Gold DT, Solimeo S (2006). "Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective". Curr Osteoporos Rep. 4 (4): 134–9. PMID 17112423. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA; et al. (2008). "Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis". Aging Cell. 7 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x. PMC 2394673. PMID 18028256. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN (1996). "Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder". Iowa Orthop J. 16: 126–34. PMC 2378151. PMID 9129284.
- ↑ Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC (2006). "Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family". Pediatr Dermatol. 23 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x. PMID 17014644.
- ↑ Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A; et al. (2001). "Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing". J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 (9): 1710–8. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710. PMID 11547842. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T (2012). "A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 25 (1–2): 171–3. PMID 22570971.
- ↑ Hennekam RC (2006). "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 140 (23): 2603–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346. PMID 16838330. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Jarząbek-Bielecka G, Friebe Z, Syrenicz A (2011). "Effects of oestrogen deficiency on bone mineralisation in girls during "adolescent crisis"". Endokrynol Pol. 62 (6): 538–46. PMID 22144221.
- ↑ Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ; et al. (1992). "New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (6): 983–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430615. PMID 1415349. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C (2011). "Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 100 (6): 878–84. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x. PMID 21214887. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T (1997). "Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome". Clin. Genet. 51 (6): 408–11. PMID 9237505. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Tanaka H (2005). "[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]". Clin Calcium (in Japanese). 15 (5): 776–82. doi:CliCa0505776782 Check
|doi=
value (help). PMID 15876739. Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y; et al. (2010). "Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene". Eur. J. Pediatr. 169 (3): 363–7. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7. PMID 19653001. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA (1989). "[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration]". Arch. Fr. Pediatr. (in French). 46 (6): 429–32. PMID 2783003.
- ↑ Heide T (1981). "[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)]". Klin Padiatr (in German). 193 (4): 334–40. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034490. PMID 7265806. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R (1996). "Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome?". Clin. Genet. 49 (1): 46–8. PMID 8721572. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L; et al. (1996). "Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (1): 146–51. PMC 1915094. PMID 8659519. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F; et al. (1997). "The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties". Am. J. Med. Genet. 68 (2): 225–30. PMID 9028464. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N; et al. (1992). "Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort". Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (6): 490–7. PMID 1525702. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W (2012). "Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report". Ginekol. Pol. 83 (5): 377–9. PMID 22708337. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA (2012). "The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia". Arch Med Sci. 8 (2): 270–6. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.28554. PMC 3361039. PMID 22662000. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Gay BB, Kuhn JP (1976). "A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome)". Radiology. 118 (2): 389–95. PMID 175395. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G; et al. (2009). "A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 149A (3): 328–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32641. PMC 2653108. PMID 19206178. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J (1989). "Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation". Pediatr Radiol. 19 (6–7): 417–24. PMID 2771481.
- ↑ Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T; et al. (2003). "Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135 (5): 681–7. PMID 12719077. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH (2010). "A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome". J. Hum. Genet. 55 (11): 764–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.102. PMID 20720557. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C (2000). "EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome". Nat. Genet. 25 (4): 406–9. doi:10.1038/78085. PMID 10932183. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help)