Ofloxacin (oral): Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
'''| [[Ofloxacin adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]''' | '''| [[Ofloxacin adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]''' | ||
'''| [[Ofloxacin drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]''' | '''| [[Ofloxacin drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]''' | ||
'''| [[Ofloxacin clinical studies|Clinical Studies]]''' | '''| [[Ofloxacin clinical studies|Clinical Studies]]''' | ||
'''| [[Ofloxacin dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]''' | '''| [[Ofloxacin dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]''' | ||
Revision as of 22:55, 8 January 2014
For patient information, click here.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Ofloxacin (sold under the brand name Floxin® in the United States, Tarivid® in Europe and some other countries) is afluoroquinolone antibiotic. Ofloxacin is the racemic mixture of the chiral compound. The biologically active enantiomer is sold separately under the name of levofloxacin. It is used as a treatment for gonorrhoea and is an alternative treatment to ciprofloxacin for anthrax.
Category
Fluoroquinolone
US Brand Names
Ocuflox®
FDA Package Insert
Description | Clinical Pharmacology | Microbiology | Indications and Usage | Contraindications | Warnings and Precautions | Adverse Reactions | Drug Interactions | Clinical Studies | Dosage and Administration | How Supplied | Labels and Packages
Mechanism of Action
Mode of action
Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV,[1] which is an enzyme necessary to separate (mostly in prokaryotes, in bacteria in particular) replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting bacterial cell division.
The fluoroquinolones interfere with DNA replication by inhibiting an enzyme complex called DNA gyrase. This can also affect mammalian cell replication. In particular, some congeners of this drug family display high activity not only against bacterial topoisomerases, but also against eukaryotic topoisomerases and are toxic to cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models. Although the quinolone is highly toxic to mammalian cells in culture, its mechanism of cytotoxic action is not known. Quinolone induced DNA damage was first reported in 1986.[2]
Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between mammalian cell cytotoxicity of the quinolones and the induction of micronuclei.[3][4][5] As such some fluoroquinolones may cause injury to the chromosome of eukaryotic cells.[6][7][8][9][10]
There is debate as to whether or not this DNA damage is to be considered one of the mechanisms of action concerning the severe and non abating adverse reactions experienced by some patients following fluoroquinolone therapy.[11][12][13]
References
- ↑ Drlica K, Zhao X (1 September 1997). "DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 61 (3): 377–92. PMC 232616. PMID 9293187.
- ↑ Hussy P, Maass G, Tümmler B, Grosse F, Schomburg U (1986). "Effect of 4-quinolones and novobiocin on calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha primase complex, topoisomerases I and II, and growth of mammalian lymphoblasts" (PDF). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29 (6): 1073–8. doi:10.1128/AAC.29.6.1073. PMC 180502. PMID 3015015. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Hosomi JA. Maeda Y. Oomori T. Irikura and T. Yokota (1988). "Mutagenicity of norfloxacin and AM-833 in bacteria and mammalian cells". Rev. Infect. Dis 10 (Suppl. 1): S148–S149.
- ↑ Forsgren A, Bredberg A, Pardee AB, Schlossman SF, Tedder TF, A (1987). "Effects of ciprofloxacin on eucaryotic pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and cell growth" (PDF). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 (5): 774–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.31.5.774. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 174831. PMID 3606077. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help);|first4=missing|last4=in Authors list (help);|first5=missing|last5=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Gootz TD, Barrett JF, Sutcliffe JA, TD (1990). "Inhibitory effects of quinolone antibacterial agents on eucaryotic topoisomerases and related test systems". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34 (1): 8–12. doi:10.1128/AAC.34.1.8. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 171510. PMID 2158274. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Elsea SH, Osheroff N, Nitiss JL, SH (1992). "Cytotoxicity of quinolones toward eukaryotic cells. Identification of topoisomerase II as the primary cellular target for the quinolone CP-115,953 in yeast". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (19): 13150–3. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 1320012. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Enzmann H, Wiemann C, Ahr HJ, Schlüter G, H (1999). "Damage to mitochondrial DNA induced by the quinolone Bay y 3118 in embryonic turkey liver". Mutat. Res. 425 (2): 213–24. doi:10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00044-5. ISSN 0027-5107. PMID 10216214. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help);|first4=missing|last4=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Kashida Y, Sasaki YF, Ohsawa K, Y (2002). "Mechanistic study on flumequine hepatocarcinogenicity focusing on DNA damage in mice". Toxicol. Sci. 69 (2): 317–21. doi:10.1093/toxsci/69.2.317. ISSN 1096-6080. PMID 12377980. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help);|first4=missing|last4=in Authors list (help);|first5=missing|last5=in Authors list (help);|first6=missing|last6=in Authors list (help);|first7=missing|last7=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Thomas A, Tocher J, Edwards DI, A (1990). "Electrochemical characteristics of five quinolone drugs and their effect on DNA damage and repair in Escherichia coli". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 25 (5): 733–44. doi:10.1093/jac/25.5.733. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 2165050. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help);|first3=missing|last3=in Authors list (help) - ↑ "Fluoroquinolones and Quinolones". The American Academy of Optometry (British Chapter). Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ↑ Al-Soud, Yaseen A.; Al-masoudi, Najim A (2003). "A new class of dihaloquinolones bearing N'-aldehydoglycosylhydrazides, mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, oxadiazoline and a-amino ester precursors: synthesis and antimicrobial activity". J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14 (5): 790. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532003000500014.
Nevertheless, some quinolones cause injury to the chromosome of eukaryotic cells.21,22 These findings prompted us to optimize the substituent at C-3, by...
More than one of|author1=and|last1=specified (help) - ↑ Yaseen A. Al-Soud a and Najim A. Al-Masoudi (2003). "A New Class of Dihaloquinolones Bearing N'-Aldehydoglycosylhydrazides, Mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, Oxadiazoline and α-Amino Ester Precursors: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity" (PDF). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14 (5): 790–796. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532003000500014.
Although the current quinolones are not considered to be potent inhibitors of eucaryotic topoisomerases, some effects on these and other enzymes involved with DNA replication have been observed
- ↑ Sissi C, Palumbo M, C (2003). "The quinolone family: from antibacterial to anticancer agents". Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 3 (6): 439–50. doi:10.2174/1568011033482279. ISSN 1568-0118. PMID 14529452.
The present review focuses on the structural modifications responsible for the transformation of an antibacterial into an anticancer agent. Indeed, a distinctive feature of drugs based on the quinolone structure is their remarkable ability to target different type II topoisomerase enzymes. In particular, some congeners of this drug family display high activity not only against bacterial topoisomerases, but also against eukaryotic topoisomerases and are toxic to cultured mammalian cells and in vivo tumor models.
Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help);|first2=missing|last2=in Authors list (help)