Hydronephrosis medical therapy: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Hydronephrosis}} | {{Hydronephrosis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Vbe}} | |||
==Overview == | ==Overview == | ||
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==Medical Therapy== | ==Medical Therapy== | ||
* Mild-moderate [[hydronephrosis | * Mild-moderate [[hydronephrosis]] could resolve spontaneously. However, antibiotic [[prophylaxis]] is recommended to lower the risk of [[urinary tract infection]].<ref name="pmid30025399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gharib T, Mohey A, Fathi A, Alhefnawy M, Alazaby H, Eldakhakhny A |title=Comparative Study between Silodosin and Tamsulosin in Expectant Therapy of Distal Ureteral Stones |journal=Urol. Int. |volume= |issue= |pages=1–6 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30025399 |doi=10.1159/000490623 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18947735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Onen A |title=An alternative grading system to refine the criteria for severity of hydronephrosis and optimal treatment guidelines in neonates with primary UPJ-type hydronephrosis |journal=J Pediatr Urol |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=200–5 |date=June 2007 |pmid=18947735 |doi=10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.08.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12187248">{{cite journal |vauthors=Onen A, Jayanthi VR, Koff SA |title=Long-term followup of prenatally detected severe bilateral newborn hydronephrosis initially managed nonoperatively |journal=J. Urol. |volume=168 |issue=3 |pages=1118–20 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12187248 |doi=10.1097/01.ju.0000024449.19337.8d |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid76278472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nonomura K, Yamashita T, Kanagawa K, Itoh K, Koyanagi T |title=Management and outcome of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis |journal=Int. J. Urol. |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–8 |date=June 1994 |pmid=7627847 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In | * In order to reduce the risk of permanent kidney injury, the blockage of urine may need to be drained if [[hydronephrosis]] is severe enough.<ref name="pmid7924663">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li F, Zhang MZ, Liu TC |title=[Diagnosis and treatment of hydronephrosis: report of 100 cases] |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=114–6 |date=February 1994 |pmid=7924663 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* | * It is recommended to give pain medications and [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] to be patient before initiating the surgical intervention. | ||
'''Mild to moderate hydronephrosis in adults''' | '''Mild to moderate hydronephrosis in adults''' | ||
* | * Observation is preferred method for the treatment of mild to moderate [[hydronephrosis]].<ref name="pmid16427220">{{cite journal |vauthors=Belarmino JM, Kogan BA |title=Management of neonatal hydronephrosis |journal=Early Hum. Dev. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16427220 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.004 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* | * [[Antibiotic|Antibiotics]] are recommended in case cultures turn positive for infection.<ref name="pmid18947797">{{cite journal |vauthors=Onen A |title=Treatment and outcome of prenatally detected newborn hydronephrosis |journal=J Pediatr Urol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=469–76 |date=December 2007 |pmid=18947797 |doi=10.1016/j.jpurol.2007.05.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11956470">{{cite journal |vauthors=Konda R, Sakai K, Ota S, Abe Y, Hatakeyama T, Orikasa S |title=Ultrasound grade of hydronephrosis and severity of renal cortical damage on 99m technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan in infants with unilateral hydronephrosis during followup and after pyeloplasty |journal=J. Urol. |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=2159–63 |date=May 2002 |pmid=11956470 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
'''Severe hydronephrosis''' | '''Severe hydronephrosis''' | ||
* Surgery may be the treatment of choice to eliminate the severity of the blockage or even correct the reflux. | * Surgery may be the treatment of choice to eliminate the severity of the blockage or even correct the reflux. | ||
==== Bilateral hydronephrosis ==== | ==== Bilateral hydronephrosis ==== | ||
* Infants with severe [[bilateral]] [[antenatal]] [[hydronephrosis]] evaluated initially by using [[ultrasonography]]. | * Infants with severe [[bilateral]] [[antenatal]] [[hydronephrosis]] evaluated initially by using [[ultrasonography]].<ref name="pmid9297403">{{cite journal |vauthors=Armadá Maresca M, Rivilla Parra F, Viña Simón E, García Casillas J |title=[Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hydronephrosis. Influence of prenatal diagnosis] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=An. Esp. Pediatr. |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=483–6 |date=May 1997 |pmid=9297403 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* | * [[bilateral]] [[hydronephrosis]] raise the concern of obstruction such as:<ref name="pmid9773587">{{cite journal |vauthors=González R, Schimke CM |title=[The prenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis, when and why to operate?] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=575–9 |date=1998 |pmid=9773587 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
** [[Ureterocele]] | ** [[Ureterocele]] | ||
** [[Posterior urethral valves|Posterior urethral valve]]<nowiki/>s (PUV) defect | ** [[Posterior urethral valves|Posterior urethral valve]]<nowiki/>s (PUV) defect | ||
* [[Voiding cystourethrogram|Voiding]] cystourethrograp<nowiki/>hy (VCUG) should be performed if [[hydronephrosis]] is positive on USG. | * [[Voiding cystourethrogram|Voiding]] cystourethrograp<nowiki/>hy (VCUG) should be performed if [[hydronephrosis]] is positive on USG.<ref name="pmid16377104">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker A, Baum M |title=Obstructive uropathy |journal=Early Hum. Dev. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16377104 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18520762">{{cite journal |vauthors=Estrada CR |title=Prenatal hydronephrosis: early evaluation |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=401–3 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18520762 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e328302edfe |url=}}</ref> | ||
==== Severe unilateral hydronephrosis in infants ==== | ==== Severe unilateral hydronephrosis in infants ==== | ||
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==== Antibiotic prophylaxis ==== | ==== Antibiotic prophylaxis ==== | ||
* In [[Prenatal|prenatally]] diagnosed [[hydronephrosis]] patients a very higher chances of [[urinary tract infections]]([[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) have been reported. | * In [[Prenatal|prenatally]] diagnosed [[hydronephrosis]] patients a very higher chances of [[urinary tract infections]]([[Urinary tract infection|UTI]]) have been reported.<ref name="pmid7627847">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nonomura K, Yamashita T, Kanagawa K, Itoh K, Koyanagi T |title=Management and outcome of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis |journal=Int. J. Urol. |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=121–8 |date=June 1994 |pmid=7627847 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Urinary tract infections([[UTI]]) in prenatal babies raise the suspicion of underlying [[renal]] abnormality. | * Urinary tract infections([[UTI]]) in prenatal babies raise the suspicion of underlying [[renal]] abnormality. | ||
* So in these patients [[antibiotic]] [[prophylaxis]] is started as soon as possible after the delivery until exclude the diagnosis with either VUR or obstructive [[uropathy]] . | * So in these patients [[antibiotic]] [[prophylaxis]] is started as soon as possible after the delivery until exclude the diagnosis with either VUR or obstructive [[uropathy]] .<ref name="pmid163771042">{{cite journal |vauthors=Becker A, Baum M |title=Obstructive uropathy |journal=Early Hum. Dev. |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16377104 |doi=10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.002 |url=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 18:28, 12 August 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
The goal of treatment for hydronephrosis is to restart the free flow of urine from the kidney and decrease the swelling and pressure that builds up and decreases kidney function.The initial care for the patient is aimed at minimizing pain and preventing urinary tract infections. Otherwise, surgical intervention may be required.
Medical Therapy
- Mild-moderate hydronephrosis could resolve spontaneously. However, antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended to lower the risk of urinary tract infection.[1][2][3][4]
- In order to reduce the risk of permanent kidney injury, the blockage of urine may need to be drained if hydronephrosis is severe enough.[5]
- It is recommended to give pain medications and antibiotics to be patient before initiating the surgical intervention.
Mild to moderate hydronephrosis in adults
- Observation is preferred method for the treatment of mild to moderate hydronephrosis.[6]
- Antibiotics are recommended in case cultures turn positive for infection.[7][8]
Severe hydronephrosis
- Surgery may be the treatment of choice to eliminate the severity of the blockage or even correct the reflux.
Bilateral hydronephrosis
- Infants with severe bilateral antenatal hydronephrosis evaluated initially by using ultrasonography.[9]
- bilateral hydronephrosis raise the concern of obstruction such as:[10]
- Ureterocele
- Posterior urethral valves (PUV) defect
- Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) should be performed if hydronephrosis is positive on USG.[11][12]
Severe unilateral hydronephrosis in infants
- If renal pelvic diameter is more than 15 mm in diameter in the third trimester the it is considered as severe unilateral hydronephrosis.
- And should be followed with USG once the neonate returns to the normal birth weight.
Moderate and mild unilateral hydronephrosis in infants
- If renal pelvic length is less than 15mm during the third trimester then it is considered as a moderate and mild unilateral hydronephrosis.
- In the patients follow up with ultrasound after 7 days on birth to access whether the hydronephrosis has persisted or not in neonatal period.
- By age 18 months moderate hydronephrosis resolves on its own.
Antibiotic prophylaxis
- In prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis patients a very higher chances of urinary tract infections(UTI) have been reported.[13]
- Urinary tract infections(UTI) in prenatal babies raise the suspicion of underlying renal abnormality.
- So in these patients antibiotic prophylaxis is started as soon as possible after the delivery until exclude the diagnosis with either VUR or obstructive uropathy .[14]
References
- ↑ Gharib T, Mohey A, Fathi A, Alhefnawy M, Alazaby H, Eldakhakhny A (July 2018). "Comparative Study between Silodosin and Tamsulosin in Expectant Therapy of Distal Ureteral Stones". Urol. Int.: 1–6. doi:10.1159/000490623. PMID 30025399.
- ↑ Onen A (June 2007). "An alternative grading system to refine the criteria for severity of hydronephrosis and optimal treatment guidelines in neonates with primary UPJ-type hydronephrosis". J Pediatr Urol. 3 (3): 200–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.08.002. PMID 18947735.
- ↑ Onen A, Jayanthi VR, Koff SA (September 2002). "Long-term followup of prenatally detected severe bilateral newborn hydronephrosis initially managed nonoperatively". J. Urol. 168 (3): 1118–20. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000024449.19337.8d. PMID 12187248.
- ↑ Nonomura K, Yamashita T, Kanagawa K, Itoh K, Koyanagi T (June 1994). "Management and outcome of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis". Int. J. Urol. 1 (2): 121–8. PMID 7627847.
- ↑ Li F, Zhang MZ, Liu TC (February 1994). "[Diagnosis and treatment of hydronephrosis: report of 100 cases]". Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 32 (2): 114–6. PMID 7924663.
- ↑ Belarmino JM, Kogan BA (January 2006). "Management of neonatal hydronephrosis". Early Hum. Dev. 82 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.004. PMID 16427220.
- ↑ Onen A (December 2007). "Treatment and outcome of prenatally detected newborn hydronephrosis". J Pediatr Urol. 3 (6): 469–76. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2007.05.002. PMID 18947797.
- ↑ Konda R, Sakai K, Ota S, Abe Y, Hatakeyama T, Orikasa S (May 2002). "Ultrasound grade of hydronephrosis and severity of renal cortical damage on 99m technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan in infants with unilateral hydronephrosis during followup and after pyeloplasty". J. Urol. 167 (5): 2159–63. PMID 11956470.
- ↑ Armadá Maresca M, Rivilla Parra F, Viña Simón E, García Casillas J (May 1997). "[Diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hydronephrosis. Influence of prenatal diagnosis]". An. Esp. Pediatr. (in Spanish; Castilian). 46 (5): 483–6. PMID 9297403.
- ↑ González R, Schimke CM (1998). "[The prenatal diagnosis of hydronephrosis, when and why to operate?]". Arch. Esp. Urol. (in Spanish; Castilian). 51 (6): 575–9. PMID 9773587.
- ↑ Becker A, Baum M (January 2006). "Obstructive uropathy". Early Hum. Dev. 82 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.002. PMID 16377104.
- ↑ Estrada CR (July 2008). "Prenatal hydronephrosis: early evaluation". Curr Opin Urol. 18 (4): 401–3. doi:10.1097/MOU.0b013e328302edfe. PMID 18520762.
- ↑ Nonomura K, Yamashita T, Kanagawa K, Itoh K, Koyanagi T (June 1994). "Management and outcome of antenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis". Int. J. Urol. 1 (2): 121–8. PMID 7627847.
- ↑ Becker A, Baum M (January 2006). "Obstructive uropathy". Early Hum. Dev. 82 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.002. PMID 16377104.