Gamma-synuclein: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
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'''Gamma-synuclein''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SNCG'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9044857">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ji H, Liu YE, Jia T, Wang M, Liu J, Xiao G, Joseph BK, Rosen C, Shi YE | title = Identification of a breast cancer-specific gene, BCSG1, by direct differential cDNA sequencing | journal = Cancer Res | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 759–64 |date=Mar 1997 | pmid = 9044857 | pmc =  | doi =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9700196">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ninkina NN, Alimova-Kost MV, Paterson JW, Delaney L, Cohen BB, Imreh S, Gnuchev NV, Davies AM, Buchman VL | title = Organization, expression and polymorphism of the human persyn gene | journal = Hum Mol Genet | volume = 7 | issue = 9 | pages = 1417–24 |date=Oct 1998 | pmid = 9700196 | pmc =  | doi =10.1093/hmg/7.9.1417 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCG synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6623| accessdate = }}</ref>
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| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)
| HGNCid = 11141
| Symbol = SNCG
| AltSymbols =; SR; BCSG1
| OMIM = 602998
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 2322
| MGIid = 1298397
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_SNCG_209877_at_tn.png
  | Function =  
  | Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030424 |text = axon}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043025 |text = cell soma}}
| Process =  
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 6623
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000173267
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003078
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003087
    | Hs_GenLoc_db =   
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 10
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 88708365
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 88712997
    | Hs_Uniprot = O76070
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 20618
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000023064
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_011430
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_035560
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =  
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 14
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 33199367
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 33203752
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q5GQ64
  }}
}}
'''Synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)''', also known as '''SNCG''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCG synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6623| accessdate = }}</ref>


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{{PBB_Summary
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =  
| section_title =  
| summary_text = Synuclein-gamma is a member of the synuclein family of proteins which are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.  High levels of SNCG have been identified in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SNCG synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6623| accessdate = }}</ref>
| summary_text = Synuclein-gamma is a member of the synuclein family of proteins, which are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.  High levels of SNCG have been identified in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development.<ref name="entrez"/>
}}
}}
Gamma-synuclein is a [[synuclein]] [[protein]] found primarily in the [[peripheral nervous system]] (in primary sensory [[neuron]]s, [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic neurons]], and [[motor neuron]]s) and [[retina]].<ref name="George">George, JM. (2001) The synucleins. ''Genome Biology'' 3(1):reviews3002.1-3002.6. PMID 11806835</ref>  It is also detected in the [[brain]], ovarian tumors, and in the [[olfactory epithelium]]. Gamma-synuclein is the least conserved of the synuclein proteins.<ref>Lavedan C. (1998) The synuclein family. Genome Res. 8(9):871-880. PMID 9750188.</ref>
Gamma-synuclein is a [[synuclein]] [[protein]] found primarily in the [[peripheral nervous system]] (in primary sensory [[neuron]]s, [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic neurons]], and [[motor neuron]]s) and [[retina]].<ref name="George">{{cite journal | pmid = 11806835  |name-list-format=vanc| last1 = George | pmc = 150459 | first1 = JM| doi=10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002 | title = The synucleins | journal = Genome Biology | volume=3 | issue=1 | year=2002 | pages=REVIEWS3002}}</ref>  It is also detected in the [[brain]], ovarian tumors, and in the [[olfactory epithelium]]. Gamma-synuclein is the least conserved of the synuclein proteins.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lavedan | first1 = C. |name-list-format=vanc | year = 1998 | title = The synuclein family | url = | journal = Genome Res. | volume = 8 | issue = 9| pages = 871–880 | pmid = 9750188 | doi=10.1101/gr.8.9.871}}</ref>
 
Gamma-Synucleins expression in [[Breast cancer|breast tumors]] is a marker for [[tumor]] progression<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bruening | first1 = W | last2 = Giasson | first2 = BI | last3 = Klein-Szanto | first3 = AJ | last4 = Lee | first4 = VM | last5 = Trojanowski | first5 = JQ | last6 = Godwin | first6 = AK. |name-list-format=vanc | year = 2000 | title = Synucleins are expressed in the majority of breast and ovarian carcinomas and in preneoplastic lesions of the ovary | url = | journal = Cancer | volume = 88 | issue = 9| pages = 2154–2163 | pmid = 10813729 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2154::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-9}}</ref>  as [[mammal]]ian gamma-synuclein was first identified as breast cancer-specific [[gene]] 1 (BCSG1).  A change in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been observed in the retina of patients with [[Alzheimer's disease]].  The normal cellular function of gamma-synuclein remains unknown.<ref name="George"/>


Gamma-Synucleins expression in [[Breast cancer|breast tumors]] is a marker for [[tumor]] progression<ref>Bruening W, Giasson BI, Klein-Szanto AJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Godwin AK. (2000) Synucleins are expressed in the majority of breast and ovarian carcinomas and in preneoplastic lesions of the ovary. Cancer 88(9):2154-2163. PMID 10813729</ref>  as [[Mammal|mammalian]] gamma-synuclein was first identified as breast cancer-specific [[gene]] 1 (BCSG1).  A change in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been observed in the retina of patients with [[Alzheimer's disease]]. The normal cellular function of gamma-synuclein remains unknown.<ref name="George"/>
==Interactions==
Gamma-synuclein has been shown to [[Protein-protein interaction|interact]] with [[BUB1B]].<ref name=pmid14576821>{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Anu |authorlink= |author2=Inaba Satoru |author3=Wong Oi Kwan |author4=Fang Guowei |author5=Liu Jingwen |date=Oct 2003 |title=Breast cancer-specific gene 1 interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1 |journal=Oncogene |volume=22 |issue=48 |pages=7593–9 |publisher= |location = England| issn = 0950-9232| pmid = 14576821 |doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1206880 | bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 61: Line 18:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading  
{{PBB_Further_reading  
| citations =  
| citations =  
*{{cite journal  | author=George JM |title=The synucleins. |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= REVIEWS3002 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11806835 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=George JM |title=The synucleins |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= REVIEWS3002 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11806835 |doi= 10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002| pmc=150459 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 171-4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Maruyama K, Sugano S |title=Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides |journal=Gene |volume=138 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 171–4 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8125298 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ji H, Liu YE, Jia T, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of a breast cancer-specific gene, BCSG1, by direct differential cDNA sequencing. |journal=Cancer Res. |volume=57 |issue= 4 |pages= 759-64 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9044857 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 149–56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, ''et al.'' |title=Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. |journal=Gene |volume=200 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 149-56 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9373149 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lavedan C, Leroy E, Dehejia A, etal |title=Identification, localization and characterization of the human gamma-synuclein gene |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=103 |issue= 1 |pages= 106–12 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9737786 |doi=10.1007/s004390050792 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Ninkina NN, Alimova-Kost MV, Paterson JW, ''et al.'' |title=Organization, expression and polymorphism of the human persyn gene. |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=7 |issue= 9 |pages= 1417-24 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9700196 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Buchman VL, Hunter HJ, Pinõn LG, etal |title=Persyn, a member of the synuclein family, has a distinct pattern of expression in the developing nervous system |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=18 |issue= 22 |pages= 9335–41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9801372 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lavedan C, Leroy E, Dehejia A, ''et al.'' |title=Identification, localization and characterization of the human gamma-synuclein gene. |journal=Hum. Genet. |volume=103 |issue= 1 |pages= 106-12 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9737786 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Lavedan C, Buchholtz S, Auburger G, etal |title=Absence of mutation in the beta- and gamma-synuclein genes in familial autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease |journal=DNA Res. |volume=5 |issue= 6 |pages= 401–2 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10048491 |doi=10.1093/dnares/5.6.401 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Buchman VL, Hunter HJ, Pinõn LG, ''et al.'' |title=Persyn, a member of the synuclein family, has a distinct pattern of expression in the developing nervous system. |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=18 |issue= 22 |pages= 9335-41 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9801372 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Surguchov A, Surgucheva I, Solessio E, Baehr W |title=Synoretin--A new protein belonging to the synuclein family |journal=Mol. Cell. Neurosci. |volume=13 |issue= 2 |pages= 95–103 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10192768 |doi= 10.1006/mcne.1999.0735 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Lavedan C, Buchholtz S, Auburger G, ''et al.'' |title=Absence of mutation in the beta- and gamma-synuclein genes in familial autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. |journal=DNA Res. |volume=5 |issue= 6 |pages= 401-2 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10048491 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Duda JE, Shah U, Arnold SE, etal |title=The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins in olfactory mucosa from patients with and without neurodegenerative diseases |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=160 |issue= 2 |pages= 515–22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10619569 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.1999.7228 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Surguchov A, Surgucheva I, Solessio E, Baehr W |title=Synoretin--A new protein belonging to the synuclein family. |journal=Mol. Cell. Neurosci. |volume=13 |issue= 2 |pages= 95-103 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10192768 |doi= 10.1006/mcne.1999.0735 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Souza JM, Giasson BI, Lee VM, Ischiropoulos H |title=Chaperone-like activity of synucleins |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=474 |issue= 1 |pages= 116–9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10828462 |doi=10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01563-5 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Duda JE, Shah U, Arnold SE, ''et al.'' |title=The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins in olfactory mucosa from patients with and without neurodegenerative diseases. |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=160 |issue= 2 |pages= 515-22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10619569 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.1999.7228 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL |title=Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 34 |pages= 26515–22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10852916 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M003542200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Souza JM, Giasson BI, Lee VM, Ischiropoulos H |title=Chaperone-like activity of synucleins. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=474 |issue= 1 |pages= 116-9 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10828462 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Galvin JE, Schuck TM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ |title=Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=168 |issue= 2 |pages= 347–55 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11259122 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.2000.7615 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL |title=Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=275 |issue= 34 |pages= 26515-22 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10852916 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M003542200 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Surguchov A, Palazzo RE, Surgucheva I |title=Gamma synuclein: subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction |journal=Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton |volume=49 |issue= 4 |pages= 218–28 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11746666 |doi= 10.1002/cm.1035 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Galvin JE, Schuck TM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ |title=Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra. |journal=Exp. Neurol. |volume=168 |issue= 2 |pages= 347-55 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11259122 |doi= 10.1006/exnr.2000.7615 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Uversky VN, Li J, Souillac P, etal |title=Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 14 |pages= 11970–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11812782 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109541200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Surguchov A, Palazzo RE, Surgucheva I |title=Gamma synuclein: subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction. |journal=Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton |volume=49 |issue= 4 |pages= 218-28 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11746666 |doi= 10.1002/cm.1035 }}
*{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lu A, Zhang F, Gupta A, Liu J |title=Blockade of AP1 transactivation abrogates the abnormal expression of breast cancer-specific gene 1 in breast cancer cells |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 35 |pages= 31364–72 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12072430 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201060200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Uversky VN, Li J, Souillac P, ''et al.'' |title=Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 14 |pages= 11970-8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11812782 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109541200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Pan ZZ, Bruening W, Giasson BI, etal |title=Gamma-synuclein promotes cancer cell survival and inhibits stress- and chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis by modulating MAPK pathways |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 38 |pages= 35050–60 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12121974 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201650200 }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Lu A, Zhang F, Gupta A, Liu J |title=Blockade of AP1 transactivation abrogates the abnormal expression of breast cancer-specific gene 1 in breast cancer cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 35 |pages= 31364-72 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12072430 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201060200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Li QX, Campbell BC, McLean CA, etal |title=Platelet alpha- and gamma-synucleins in Parkinson's disease and normal control subjects |journal=J. Alzheimers Dis. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 309–15 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12446933 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pan ZZ, Bruening W, Giasson BI, ''et al.'' |title=Gamma-synuclein promotes cancer cell survival and inhibits stress- and chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis by modulating MAPK pathways. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 38 |pages= 35050-60 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12121974 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M201650200 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | pmc=139241 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li QX, Campbell BC, McLean CA, ''et al.'' |title=Platelet alpha- and gamma-synucleins in Parkinson's disease and normal control subjects. |journal=J. Alzheimers Dis. |volume=4 |issue= 4 |pages= 309-15 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12446933 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, ''et al.'' |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899-903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899 }}
}}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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Revision as of 09:28, 31 August 2017

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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
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SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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View/Edit Human

Gamma-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCG gene.[1][2][3]

Synuclein-gamma is a member of the synuclein family of proteins, which are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. High levels of SNCG have been identified in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development.[3] Gamma-synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina.[4] It is also detected in the brain, ovarian tumors, and in the olfactory epithelium. Gamma-synuclein is the least conserved of the synuclein proteins.[5]

Gamma-Synucleins expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression[6] as mammalian gamma-synuclein was first identified as breast cancer-specific gene 1 (BCSG1). A change in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been observed in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The normal cellular function of gamma-synuclein remains unknown.[4]

Interactions

Gamma-synuclein has been shown to interact with BUB1B.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ji H, Liu YE, Jia T, Wang M, Liu J, Xiao G, Joseph BK, Rosen C, Shi YE (Mar 1997). "Identification of a breast cancer-specific gene, BCSG1, by direct differential cDNA sequencing". Cancer Res. 57 (4): 759–64. PMID 9044857.
  2. ↑ Ninkina NN, Alimova-Kost MV, Paterson JW, Delaney L, Cohen BB, Imreh S, Gnuchev NV, Davies AM, Buchman VL (Oct 1998). "Organization, expression and polymorphism of the human persyn gene". Hum Mol Genet. 7 (9): 1417–24. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.9.1417. PMID 9700196.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: SNCG synuclein, gamma (breast cancer-specific protein 1)".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 George JM (2002). "The synucleins". Genome Biology. 3 (1): REVIEWS3002. doi:10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002. PMC 150459. PMID 11806835.
  5. ↑ Lavedan C (1998). "The synuclein family". Genome Res. 8 (9): 871–880. doi:10.1101/gr.8.9.871. PMID 9750188.
  6. ↑ Bruening W, Giasson BI, Klein-Szanto AJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Godwin A (2000). "Synucleins are expressed in the majority of breast and ovarian carcinomas and in preneoplastic lesions of the ovary". Cancer. 88 (9): 2154–2163. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2154::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-9. PMID 10813729.
  7. ↑ Gupta, Anu; Inaba Satoru; Wong Oi Kwan; Fang Guowei; Liu Jingwen (Oct 2003). "Breast cancer-specific gene 1 interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1". Oncogene. England. 22 (48): 7593–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206880. ISSN 0950-9232. PMID 14576821.

Further reading

  • George JM (2002). "The synucleins". Genome Biol. 3 (1): REVIEWS3002. doi:10.1186/gb-2001-3-1-reviews3002. PMC 150459. PMID 11806835.
  • Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
  • Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
  • Lavedan C, Leroy E, Dehejia A, et al. (1998). "Identification, localization and characterization of the human gamma-synuclein gene". Hum. Genet. 103 (1): 106–12. doi:10.1007/s004390050792. PMID 9737786.
  • Buchman VL, Hunter HJ, Pinõn LG, et al. (1998). "Persyn, a member of the synuclein family, has a distinct pattern of expression in the developing nervous system". J. Neurosci. 18 (22): 9335–41. PMID 9801372.
  • Lavedan C, Buchholtz S, Auburger G, et al. (1999). "Absence of mutation in the beta- and gamma-synuclein genes in familial autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease". DNA Res. 5 (6): 401–2. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.6.401. PMID 10048491.
  • Surguchov A, Surgucheva I, Solessio E, Baehr W (1999). "Synoretin--A new protein belonging to the synuclein family". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 13 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1006/mcne.1999.0735. PMID 10192768.
  • Duda JE, Shah U, Arnold SE, et al. (2000). "The expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins in olfactory mucosa from patients with and without neurodegenerative diseases". Exp. Neurol. 160 (2): 515–22. doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7228. PMID 10619569.
  • Souza JM, Giasson BI, Lee VM, Ischiropoulos H (2000). "Chaperone-like activity of synucleins". FEBS Lett. 474 (1): 116–9. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01563-5. PMID 10828462.
  • Pronin AN, Morris AJ, Surguchov A, Benovic JL (2000). "Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (34): 26515–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003542200. PMID 10852916.
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