Endometriosis overview

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Endometriosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

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Chest X Ray

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MRI

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

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Other Diagnostic Studies

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The most common sites affected are the ovaries, broad ligaments and the surrounding pelvic structures. It can also affect distant sites such as the lungs, ureters and CNS. The exact pathogenesis of endometriosis is not clear and several theories have made an attempt to describe the pathogenesis. Sampson theory of retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia theory, lymphatic and vascular dissemination theory explain the mechanisms of implantation and invasion of the endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis is a cause of dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, it must be differentiated from other conditions presenting with similar features such as adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic congestion syndrome and sub mucosal uterine fibroids. The goal of medical therapy is pain management and reduction in the endometrial implant size. Therapeutic options include GnRH agonists and danazol. Surgical therapy is reserved for patients with severe disease, failure to improve with medical therapy.

Historical Perspective

The early descriptions of endometriosis were in the early 19th century, and it was described as adenomyomas. In 1920's endometriosis was differentiated from adenomyosis and a detailed description of the disease was given by Cullen and Sampson. Sampson proposed the theory of retrograde menstruation as the pathogenesis of the disease.

Classification

Endometriosis is classified into four stages of severity based on revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine scoring system. The staging is based on the distribution of the lesions and the presence of adhesions.

Pathophysiology

The exact pathogenesis of endometriosis is not clear and several theories have made an attempt to describe the pathogenesis. Sampson theory of retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia theory, lymphatic and vascular dissemination theory explain the implantation and invasion of the endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Immunologic factors and genetic factors are also thought play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Causes

Exact cause of endometriosis is unknown, it is thought be multifactorial in origin.

Differential Diagnosis

Endometriosis is a cause of dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, it must be differentiated from other conditions presenting with similar features such as adenomyosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic congestion syndrome, and sub mucosal uterine fibroids.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Endometriosis affects approximately around 11% of the female population in the reproductive age group. Endometriosis is more common in Americans than the African American population. It accounts for the majority of cases with chronic pelvic pain and infertility.

Risk Factors

The risk factors predisposing women for the development of endometriosis include early age at menarche, nulliparity, positive family history, and the presence of congenital cervical stenosis or obstructive lesions in the uterovaginal tract.

Screening

Standard screening for endometriosis is not recommended.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Endometriosis is a condition affecting females in the reproductive age group. It has a wide spectrum of presentations. It can be asymptomatic or present with premenstrual spotting and cyclical abdominal pain or present with infertility or chronic pelvic pain or as deep endometriosis presenting with dyspareunia, dyschezia, and cyclical rectal bleeding. Complications of endometriosis include infertility, fibrosis, chocolate cyst, and rarely affecting other organs such as the lung.

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Endometriosis is a condition affecting women in the reproductive age group. The presenting features include cyclical abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, pain with passing stools, and pain with intercourse.

Physical Examination

Examination findings on digital vaginal examination and speculum examination include a fixed retroverted uterus, palpable nodularity of the uterosacral ligaments, and cul-de-sac with narrowing of the posterior fornix.

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings associated with endometriosis include features of iron deficiency anemia and increased levels of cancer antigen-125 and interleukin 1.

EKG

There are no specific EKG findings associated with endometriosis.

Chest X-Ray

On chest x-ray, chest endometriosis is characterized by small bubbles at the level of the right diaphragm associated with pneumothorax.

CT

CT of endometriosis is not the most sensitive noninvasive method for the diagnosis. MRI is more useful. On CT, Endometriosis shows catamenial pneumothorax, hemothorax, and lung nodules.

MRI

MRI is useful for the assessment of the anatomical locations and severity of the disease. The typical appearance of endometriosis includes a characteristic hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a hypointensity on T2-weighted images.

Ultrasound

Endometriosis abdominal ultrasound helps in differentiating endometriomas from other cystic abnormalities. The endometrial lesions have increased vascularity and will demonstrate increased Doppler flow. Transvaginal us is more sensitive.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no associated other imaging findings with endometriosis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Diagnostic laparoscopy is the gold standard to assess the severity and extent of the disease.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The primary goal of medical therapy is pain management and regression of the endometrial lesions. NSAIDS are useful for pain management. There are many therapeutic options available to reduce the size of endometrial lesions. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists and danazol are widely used. Continuous oral contraceptive pill use is also helpful in patients with mild to moderate endometriosis.

Surgical Therapy

Patients with failed medical therapy and patients with stage 3 or stage 4 disease are candidates for surgical therapy. Laser and excision of the lesions is done for isolated lesions, total hysterectomy is reserved for patients with extensive disease.

Primary Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures for endometriosis, however reduced intake of exogenous estrogen is advised for elderly women.

Secondary Prevention

There are no secondary preventive measures for endometriosis.

References