Diverticulitis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{Diverticulitis}} | {{Diverticulitis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}}, {{AEL}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Diverticula | Diverticula are protrusions of the [[mucosa]] and [[serosa]] [[intestinal]] layers and occur more often on the left side than the right side. Diverticulitis is the [[inflammation]] of these protrusions. The first steps in the pathogenesis of diverticulitis are an increase in [[intraluminal]] [[pressure]], change in [[intestinal]] [[motility]], and [[Bacterial infection|bacterial colonization]]. The [[inflammation]] is caused by [[histamine]], [[tumor necrosis factor]], and [[Metalloproteinase|metalloproteinases]], which have been found in diverticulitis patients' [[tissue]] [[biopsies]]. [[Obstruction]] of the [[Diverticulum|diverticula]] leads to [[Bacterial infection|bacterial colonization]], which causes [[inflammation]]. | ||
== Pathophysiology == | == Pathophysiology == | ||
===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
The pathogenesis of diverticulitis is believed to be erosion of the wall of the [[diverticulum]]. It is worsened by an increase in [[intraluminal]] pressure or food remnants. | |||
* Diverticula | * [[Diverticulum|Diverticula]] are protrusions of the [[mucosa]] and [[serosa]] [[intestinal]] layers and occur more often on the left side than the right side. Diverticulitis is the [[inflammation]] of this protrusion. | ||
*Inflammation and focal [[necrosis]] ensue, resulting in [[perforation]] and [[inflammation]].<ref name="pmid2651018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rege RV, Nahrwold DL |title=Diverticular disease |journal=Curr Probl Surg |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=133–89 |year=1989 |pmid=2651018 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Inflammation]] and focal [[necrosis]] ensue, resulting in [[perforation]] and [[inflammation]].<ref name="pmid2651018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rege RV, Nahrwold DL |title=Diverticular disease |journal=Curr Probl Surg |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=133–89 |year=1989 |pmid=2651018 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* | *The pathogenesis of diverticulitis includes three main processes, which are: | ||
**Change | **Change in the [[intestinal]] [[motility]] | ||
**Increase | **Increase in the [[luminal]] [[pressure]] | ||
** | **[[infection|Secondary infection]] may be caused by colonic [[Flora|microbial flora]]<ref name="pmid24430321">{{cite journal| author=Morris AM, Regenbogen SE, Hardiman KM, Hendren S| title=Sigmoid diverticulitis: a systematic review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 3 | pages= 287-97 | pmid=24430321 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.282025 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24430321 }} </ref> | ||
*In vivo | *In vivo tests showed that adding [[chemicals]] to the [[Colon|colonic]] [[tissue]] can lead to diverticulitis. Neuro-alteration of the tissue was noticed during this test. It showed increased [[contractility]] and loss of [[relaxation]].<ref name="pmid16423891">{{cite journal| author=Guagnini F, Valenti M, Mukenge S, Matias I, Bianchetti A, Di Palo S et al.| title=Neural contractions in colonic strips from patients with diverticular disease: role of endocannabinoids and substance P. | journal=Gut | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 7 | pages= 946-53 | pmid=16423891 | doi=10.1136/gut.2005.076372 | pmc=1856307 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16423891 }} </ref> This alteration in the [[muscle tissue]] due to [[inflammation]] leads to [[histological]] changes of the [[muscle]] and [[nerves]]. | ||
* | *[[Inflammation]] in cases of diverticulitis is caused by [[histamine]], [[tumor necrosis factor]], and [[matrix]] [[metalloproteinases]]. These substances were detected in colonic [[tissue]] biopsies of diverticulitis patients.<ref name="pmid22680042">{{cite journal| author=Tursi A, Elisei W, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Inchingolo CD, Nenna R et al.| title=Mucosal expression of basic fibroblastic growth factor, Syndecan 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diverticular disease of the colon: a case-control study. | journal=Neurogastroenterol Motil | year= 2012 | volume= 24 | issue= 9 | pages= 836-e396 | pmid=22680042 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01946.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22680042 }} </ref> | ||
* | *The collection of [[feces]] and undigested food in the diverticula leads to [[diverticulum]] [[obstruction]]. This [[obstruction]], by increasing [[intraluminal]] pressure, leads to [[diverticulum]] [[distension]] and collection of the [[bacteria]] that cause [[inflammation]]. | ||
* | *The presence of [[lymphocytes]] and [[granulomas]] are predictive of [[chronic inflammation]]. | ||
== | == Gross Pathology == | ||
The | The gross pathology of diverticulitis includes features such as:<ref name="pmid21359889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicholson BD, Hyland R, Rembacken BJ, Denyer M, Hull MA, Tolan DJ |title=Colonoscopy for colonic wall thickening at computed tomography: a worthwhile pursuit? |journal=Surg Endosc |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=2586–91 |year=2011 |pmid=21359889 |doi=10.1007/s00464-011-1591-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23323233">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sohn TJ, Chang YS, Kang JH, Kim DH, Lee TS, Han JK, Kim SH, Hong YO |title=Clinical characteristics of acute appendiceal diverticulitis |journal=J Korean Surg Soc |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=33–7 |year=2013 |pmid=23323233 |pmc=3539107 |doi=10.4174/jkss.2013.84.1.33 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Corrugated - like cardboard | |||
* Wall thickening (reactive) | |||
* Located usually in the [[sigmoid colon]] | |||
* May be found in the [[appendix]] | |||
* Sulfur granules with peripheral inflammatory cells. | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
A brief video showing histopathological findings in patients | The possible histopathological findings of diverticulitis may include the following: | ||
* [[Abscess]] at which [[neutrophils]], [[lymphocytes]], and [[fibrosis]] are observed. | |||
* [[Sulfur|Sulfur granules]] with peripheral [[inflammatory cells]]. | |||
* A brief video showing histopathological findings in patients with diverticulitis: | |||
{{#ev:youtube|pvasI_yy3R4}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Surgery]] | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
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[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:26, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [3]
Overview
Diverticula are protrusions of the mucosa and serosa intestinal layers and occur more often on the left side than the right side. Diverticulitis is the inflammation of these protrusions. The first steps in the pathogenesis of diverticulitis are an increase in intraluminal pressure, change in intestinal motility, and bacterial colonization. The inflammation is caused by histamine, tumor necrosis factor, and metalloproteinases, which have been found in diverticulitis patients' tissue biopsies. Obstruction of the diverticula leads to bacterial colonization, which causes inflammation.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of diverticulitis is believed to be erosion of the wall of the diverticulum. It is worsened by an increase in intraluminal pressure or food remnants.
- Diverticula are protrusions of the mucosa and serosa intestinal layers and occur more often on the left side than the right side. Diverticulitis is the inflammation of this protrusion.
- Inflammation and focal necrosis ensue, resulting in perforation and inflammation.[1]
- The pathogenesis of diverticulitis includes three main processes, which are:
- Change in the intestinal motility
- Increase in the luminal pressure
- Secondary infection may be caused by colonic microbial flora[2]
- In vivo tests showed that adding chemicals to the colonic tissue can lead to diverticulitis. Neuro-alteration of the tissue was noticed during this test. It showed increased contractility and loss of relaxation.[3] This alteration in the muscle tissue due to inflammation leads to histological changes of the muscle and nerves.
- Inflammation in cases of diverticulitis is caused by histamine, tumor necrosis factor, and matrix metalloproteinases. These substances were detected in colonic tissue biopsies of diverticulitis patients.[4]
- The collection of feces and undigested food in the diverticula leads to diverticulum obstruction. This obstruction, by increasing intraluminal pressure, leads to diverticulum distension and collection of the bacteria that cause inflammation.
- The presence of lymphocytes and granulomas are predictive of chronic inflammation.
Gross Pathology
The gross pathology of diverticulitis includes features such as:[5][6]
- Corrugated - like cardboard
- Wall thickening (reactive)
- Located usually in the sigmoid colon
- May be found in the appendix
Microscopic Pathology
The possible histopathological findings of diverticulitis may include the following:
- Abscess at which neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrosis are observed.
- Sulfur granules with peripheral inflammatory cells.
- A brief video showing histopathological findings in patients with diverticulitis:
{{#ev:youtube|pvasI_yy3R4}}
References
- ↑ Rege RV, Nahrwold DL (1989). "Diverticular disease". Curr Probl Surg. 26 (3): 133–89. PMID 2651018.
- ↑ Morris AM, Regenbogen SE, Hardiman KM, Hendren S (2014). "Sigmoid diverticulitis: a systematic review". JAMA. 311 (3): 287–97. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282025. PMID 24430321.
- ↑ Guagnini F, Valenti M, Mukenge S, Matias I, Bianchetti A, Di Palo S; et al. (2006). "Neural contractions in colonic strips from patients with diverticular disease: role of endocannabinoids and substance P." Gut. 55 (7): 946–53. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.076372. PMC 1856307. PMID 16423891.
- ↑ Tursi A, Elisei W, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Inchingolo CD, Nenna R; et al. (2012). "Mucosal expression of basic fibroblastic growth factor, Syndecan 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diverticular disease of the colon: a case-control study". Neurogastroenterol Motil. 24 (9): 836-e396. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01946.x. PMID 22680042.
- ↑ Nicholson BD, Hyland R, Rembacken BJ, Denyer M, Hull MA, Tolan DJ (2011). "Colonoscopy for colonic wall thickening at computed tomography: a worthwhile pursuit?". Surg Endosc. 25 (8): 2586–91. doi:10.1007/s00464-011-1591-7. PMID 21359889.
- ↑ Sohn TJ, Chang YS, Kang JH, Kim DH, Lee TS, Han JK, Kim SH, Hong YO (2013). "Clinical characteristics of acute appendiceal diverticulitis". J Korean Surg Soc. 84 (1): 33–7. doi:10.4174/jkss.2013.84.1.33. PMC 3539107. PMID 23323233.