Differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Differentiating X from other Diseases

Cause of dementia	Characteristics and clinical and cognitive features
Alzheimer's disease	Brain disease that encompasses predementia and dementia phases. Memory changes and AD biomarker evidence required for diagnosis of probable AD. Slow cognitive and functional decline with early loss of awareness. Amnestic and nonamnestic phenotypes
Lewy body dementia	Spectrum of disorders with movement, cognitive, autonomic changes. Includes dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Early visual hallucinations, muscle rigidity, sleep disturbance. α-synuclein deposits present in neurons
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration	Focal atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes; knife-edge atrophy noted on MRI. Younger onset, changes in personality and behavior, language impairment, strong familial component.
Vascular dementia	Stepwise progression and focal neurologic signs (also known as multi-infarct dementia or poststroke dementia). Dysexecutive syndrome, slowed processing speed, retrieval difficulties, depression, mild motor signs in subcortical vascular dementia. Symptoms overlap with alzheimer's disease.

• [Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
• [Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

• As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].