Chronic renal failure causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Common causes of chronic renal failure include diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. The commonest cause of stage 5 CKD in the U.S. is diabetes and is characterized by proteinuria and bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Hypertension is the second most common cause of Stage 5 CKD in the US, and often co-exists in diabetic patients.
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
According to the National Kidney Foundation the 2 most important causes of CKD are diabetes and hypertension accounting for more than one third of all cases often indicating early detection strategies. Beyond diabetes and hypertension other causes like glomerulonephritis, inherited disorders, chronic infections, and urinary tract obstruction account for most of the remaining cases.[1] Following the 2013 US Renal Data System report, a detailed calculation of the most common etiologies of ESRD in the United States adjusted for age, race and gender is shown below:[2]
A more extensive list of common conditions, exposures, and drugs that lead to renal injury with progression to CKD is presented below:
Conditions:
- Alport's syndrome
- Amyloidosis
- Balkan endemic nephropathy
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Chronic Glomerulonephritis
- Chronic Pyelonephritis
- Cystinosis
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Glomerulosclerosis
- Goodpasture’s syndrome
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Hereditary nephritides
- Hyperoxaluria
- Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
- IgA nephropathy
- Interstitial Nephritis
- Light chain disease
- Lupus nephritis
- Malignant hypertension
- Medullary cystic kidney disease
- Medullary sponge kidney
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Membranous nephritis
- Metastatic prostate cancer
- Multiple Myeloma
- Nephrolithiasis
- Nephrosclerosis
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Nephritic Syndrome
- Normocytic normochromic anemia
- Obstructive uropathy
- Oxalosis
- Papillorenal syndrome
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Proteinuria
- Prostate cancer
- Pyelonephritis
- Reflux nephropathy
- Renal artery stenosis
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Scleroderma
- Sepsis
- Sickle cell disease
- Systemic sclerosis
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Vasculitis
- Vesicoureteral reflux
- Wegener's granulomatosis
Other less common causes of CKD are possible.
Drugs
- Acetominophen
- Acyclovir
- Allopurinol
- Aminoglycosides
- Amphotericin B
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- Anticoagulants
- Aspirin
- Bevacizumab
- Bismuth
- Carboplatin
- Carmustine
- Chloroquine
- Cisplatin
- Cyclosporine
- Diflunisal
- Erythromycin
- Febuxostat
- ferumoxytol
- Foscarnet
- Furosemide
- gadopentetate
- Gentamicin
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Ifosfamide
- Infliximab
- Isoniazid
- Laxatives
- Lithium
- Lomustine
- Methicillin
- Mesalamine
- Mitomycin C
- Interferons
- Nitrosoureas
- NSAIDs
- Pamidronate
- Penicillin
- Pentamidine
- Phenytoin
- Propylthiouracil
- Protease Inhibitors
- Quinine
- Rifampicin
- Saxagliptin
- Sulfa-containing antibiotics
- Sulfonamides
- Sulindac
- Tacrolimus
- Thiazides
- Tizanidine
- Vancomycin
Other drugs have also been linked to CKD.
Exposures
References
- ↑ Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW; et al. (2003). "National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification". Ann Intern Med. 139 (2): 137–47. PMID 12859163 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ U.S. Renal Data System, 2013 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2013.