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==Discovery==
==Discovery==
21-hydroxylase deficiency first time seen in 1865 by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian [[pathologist]], in a man at [[autopsy]], who had large [[adrenal glands]] and female [[internal organs]].  
21-hydroxylase deficiency first time seen in 1865 by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian [[pathologist]]. He found large adrenal glands in a male [[autopsy]], who had female [[internal organs]].  


Important aspects of discovering [[adrenal]] hormones:<ref name="pmid25635623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL |title=150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=156 |issue=4 |pages=1210–7 |year=2015 |pmid=25635623 |doi=10.1210/en.2014-1879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ISBN:978-0323297387">{{cite book | last = Melmed | first = Shlomo | title = Williams textbook of endocrinology | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0323297387 }}=</ref><ref name="pmid18118071">{{cite journal |vauthors=HENCH PS, KENDALL EC |title=The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=181–97 |year=1949 |pmid=18118071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4288776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N |title=17-hydroxylation deficiency in man |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1946–54 |year=1966 |pmid=4288776 |pmc=292880 |doi=10.1172/JCI105499 |url=}}</ref><ref>History of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Texas department of state health services (2016). http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/newborn/histor~1.shtm  Accessed on February 4, 2016</ref>
Important aspects of discovering [[adrenal]] hormones:<ref name="pmid25635623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL |title=150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865 |journal=Endocrinology |volume=156 |issue=4 |pages=1210–7 |year=2015 |pmid=25635623 |doi=10.1210/en.2014-1879 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ISBN:978-0323297387">{{cite book | last = Melmed | first = Shlomo | title = Williams textbook of endocrinology | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 978-0323297387 }}=</ref><ref name="pmid18118071">{{cite journal |vauthors=HENCH PS, KENDALL EC |title=The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=181–97 |year=1949 |pmid=18118071 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4288776">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N |title=17-hydroxylation deficiency in man |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1946–54 |year=1966 |pmid=4288776 |pmc=292880 |doi=10.1172/JCI105499 |url=}}</ref><ref>History of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Texas department of state health services (2016). http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/newborn/histor~1.shtm  Accessed on February 4, 2016</ref>
* In 1563, Eustachius described the [[Adrenal|adrenals]] and then published by Lancisi in 1714.
* In 1563, Eustachius described the [[adrenal glands]] and then published by Lancisi in 1714.
* In 1849, [[Thomas Addison]], found on a bronzed appearance associated with the [[adrenal glands]] called [[melasma]] suprarenale while searching for the cause of [[pernicious anemia]].
* In 1849, [[Thomas Addison]], while searching for the cause of [[pernicious anemia]], found a bronzed appearance associated with the [[adrenal glands]]. Then in 1855, [[Thomas Addison]] described clinical findings in 11 cases of adrenal disorders.
* In 1855, [[Thomas Addison]] defined the clinical and [[autopsy]] findings in 11 cases of diseases of the [[suprarenal]] capsules.
* In 1856, In [[adrenalectomy]] experiments, [[Brown-Sequard syndrome|Brown-Séquard]] found that the [[adrenal glands]] are necessary for life.  
* In 1856, In [[adrenalectomy]] experiments, [[Brown-Sequard syndrome|Brown-Séquard]] found that the [[adrenal glands]] are necessary for life.  
* In 1896, [[William Osler]] prepared an extraction derived from pig [[Adrenal|adrenals]] and showed that it had clinical benefit in patients with [[Addison disease]].  
* In 1896, [[William Osler]] prepared an extraction derived from pig [[Adrenal|adrenals]] and showed that it had clinical benefit in patients with [[Addison disease]].  
* In 1905, Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]].  
* In 1905, Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]].  
* In 1936, Selye described the concept of stress and its effect on [[pituitary]]-[[adrenal]] function.  
* In 1936, Selye described the concept of stress and its effect on [[pituitary]]-[[adrenal]] function.  
* In 1937-1952, Kendall and Reichstein, defined the isolation and structural characterization of [[Adrenocortical hormone|adrenocortical hormones]].  
* In 1937-1952, Kendall and Reichstein, described the structural basics of [[Adrenocortical hormone|adrenocortical hormones]].  
* In 1943, Li and colleagues isolated [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] from sheep [[pituitary]].
* In 1943, Li and colleagues isolated [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] from sheep [[pituitary]].
* In 1950, Hench, Kendall, and Reichstein shared the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for describing the [[anti-inflammatory]] effects of [[cortisone]] in patients with [[rheumatoid arthritis]].
* In 1950, Hench, Kendall, and Reichstein shared the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] for describing the [[anti-inflammatory]] effects of [[cortisone]] in patients with [[rheumatoid arthritis]].

Revision as of 19:56, 16 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2]

Overview

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was first discovered by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian pathologist in 1865. Explanation of hormonal aspects and molecular characteristics remained unclear until 1980. From 1980 scientists started to describe enzymes and molecular basis of 21-hydroxyase deficiency.

Discovery

21-hydroxylase deficiency first time seen in 1865 by Luigi De Crecchio, an Italian pathologist. He found large adrenal glands in a male autopsy, who had female internal organs.

Important aspects of discovering adrenal hormones:[1][2][3][4][5]

References

  1. Delle Piane L, Rinaudo PF, Miller WL (2015). "150 years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: translation and commentary of De Crecchio's classic paper from 1865". Endocrinology. 156 (4): 1210–7. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1879. PMID 25635623.
  2. Melmed, Shlomo (2016). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323297387.=
  3. HENCH PS, KENDALL EC (1949). "The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone; compound E) and of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis". Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 24 (8): 181–97. PMID 18118071.
  4. Biglieri EG, Herron MA, Brust N (1966). "17-hydroxylation deficiency in man". J. Clin. Invest. 45 (12): 1946–54. doi:10.1172/JCI105499. PMC 292880. PMID 4288776.
  5. History of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Texas department of state health services (2016). http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/newborn/histor~1.shtm Accessed on February 4, 2016