Cardiac disease in pregnancy physical examination

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Cardiac disease in pregnancy Microchapters

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Overview

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Electrocardiogram

Exercise Testing

Radiation Exposure

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

MRI

CT

Catheterization:

Pulmonary artery catheterization
Cardiac catheterization
Cardiac Ablation

Treatment

Cardiovascular Drugs in Pregnancy

Labor and delivery

Resuscitation in Late Pregnancy

Contraindications to pregnancy

Special Scenarios:

I. Pre-existing Cardiac Disease:
Congenital Heart Disease
Repaired Congenital Heart Disease
Pulmonary Hypertension
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Connective Tissue Disorders
II. Valvular Heart Disease:
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Aortic Insufficiency
Aortic Stenosis
Mechanical Prosthetic Valves
Tissue Prosthetic Valves
III. Cardiomyopathy:
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
IV. Cardiac diseases that may develop During Pregnancy:
Arrhythmias
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Hypertension

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Significant similarities exist between the normal signs of pregnancy and the presence of an underlying cardiac disease; hence poses a clinical challenge to differentiate between the two. However, common signs include: jugular venous distension, pulmonary rales, increased intensity of heart sounds and pedal edema.

Neck

Lungs

  • Adventitious sounds such as basal rales may be appreciated

Heart

Heart Sounds:

  • Increased intensity of the first heart sound secondary to physiologic hyperdynamic circulation during pregnancy
  • Persistent split S2
  • Third heart sound is uncommon

Murmur:

  • Pulmonic midsystolic murmur
  • Continuous murmur (mammary soufflé, cervical hum)
  • In general there are often innocent murmurs of pregnancy. These are the result of a hyperkinetic circulation. These murmurs are usually midsystolic and soft and heard best at the left lower sternal border and over the pulmonic area.

Extremities

References


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