Perianal abscess overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
A '''perianal abscess''' (also called '''anorectal abscess''') is a collection of [[pus]] outside the [[anus]]. It arises from an infection at one of the anal crypts of Morgani which leads to inflamation and abscess formation. Most cases of perianal abscesses are sporadic, though there are certain situations which elevate the risk for developing the disease, such as diabetes mellitus, crohn's disease, chronic steroid treatment and others. | A '''perianal abscess''' (also called '''anorectal abscess''') is a collection of [[pus]] outside the [[anus]]. It arises from an infection at one of the anal crypts of Morgani which leads to inflamation and abscess formation. Most cases of perianal abscesses are sporadic, though there are certain situations which elevate the risk for developing the disease, such as diabetes mellitus, crohn's disease, chronic steroid treatment and others. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
The abscess usually begins when [[bacteria]] enters through a tear in the lining of the rectum or anus. Most often, this occurs between the internal and external sphincters (intersphincteric abscess), where the perianal glands are located. As the abscess increases in size, most will follow the plane of least resistance and spread towards the surface, creating a perianal abscess. Occasionally, the infection can spread into the ishiorectal fossa or above the level of the levator muscles, creating ischiorectal and/or supralevator abscesses, respectively. Although supralevator abscesses are difficult to diagnose, perianal and ischiorectal abscesses still seem to account for the majority of the ones encountered. | |||
==Risk Factors==In terms of risk, those individuals with [[diabetes]], immunocompromised states, those with [[inflammatory bowel disease]], or who engage in receptive anal sex, appear to be at higher risk for developing an abscess, than those without these risk factors. | |||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | |||
An anorectal abscess that is untreated or not fully drained can get worse and cause a severe local or systemic infection which can be life-threatening (Fornier's gangrane or sepsis). On the long run, a perianal [[fistula]] can arise from the abscess cavity - an abnormal tract that connects the rectum and the external perianal region. After successful treatment and recovery, a person can generally return to normal activities. However, someone with inflammatory bowel disease often needs lifelong monitoring by a healthcare provider. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider. | |||
==Other Imaging Findings== | |||
Imaging studies other than [[CT]] which can help determine the diagnosis in cases of a deep non-palpable perirectal abscess include pelvic [[MRI]] or trans-rectal[[ultrasound]]. | |||
==Surgery== | |||
Treatment of perianal abscesses include examination under [[anesthesia]] (regional or general), [[incision and drainage]] of the pus. [[Antibiotic]]s to cover rectal flora (and not skin flora) should be prescribed perioperatively. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Surgery]] | [[Category:Surgery]] | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}}Ŕ#REDIRECT | ||
Revision as of 21:01, 7 December 2012
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
A perianal abscess (also called anorectal abscess) is a collection of pus outside the anus. It arises from an infection at one of the anal crypts of Morgani which leads to inflamation and abscess formation. Most cases of perianal abscesses are sporadic, though there are certain situations which elevate the risk for developing the disease, such as diabetes mellitus, crohn's disease, chronic steroid treatment and others.
Pathophysiology
The abscess usually begins when bacteria enters through a tear in the lining of the rectum or anus. Most often, this occurs between the internal and external sphincters (intersphincteric abscess), where the perianal glands are located. As the abscess increases in size, most will follow the plane of least resistance and spread towards the surface, creating a perianal abscess. Occasionally, the infection can spread into the ishiorectal fossa or above the level of the levator muscles, creating ischiorectal and/or supralevator abscesses, respectively. Although supralevator abscesses are difficult to diagnose, perianal and ischiorectal abscesses still seem to account for the majority of the ones encountered. ==Risk Factors==In terms of risk, those individuals with diabetes, immunocompromised states, those with inflammatory bowel disease, or who engage in receptive anal sex, appear to be at higher risk for developing an abscess, than those without these risk factors.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
An anorectal abscess that is untreated or not fully drained can get worse and cause a severe local or systemic infection which can be life-threatening (Fornier's gangrane or sepsis). On the long run, a perianal fistula can arise from the abscess cavity - an abnormal tract that connects the rectum and the external perianal region. After successful treatment and recovery, a person can generally return to normal activities. However, someone with inflammatory bowel disease often needs lifelong monitoring by a healthcare provider. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.
Other Imaging Findings
Imaging studies other than CT which can help determine the diagnosis in cases of a deep non-palpable perirectal abscess include pelvic MRI or trans-rectalultrasound.
Surgery
Treatment of perianal abscesses include examination under anesthesia (regional or general), incision and drainage of the pus. Antibiotics to cover rectal flora (and not skin flora) should be prescribed perioperatively.
References
Template:WH Template:WSŔ#REDIRECT