Tetralogy of fallot anatomy: Difference between revisions
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==Anatomic morphology== | ==Anatomic morphology== | ||
The defect is due to anterocephalad deviation of the outlet septum. This defect in outlet septum in turn leads to the four characteristic features | The defect is due to '''anterocephalad''' deviation of the '''outlet septum'''. This defect in outlet septum in turn leads to the four characteristic features | ||
===Primary four malformations=== | ===Primary four malformations=== | ||
As classically described, tetralogy of Fallot involves four [[heart]] malformations which present together: | As classically described, tetralogy of Fallot involves four [[heart]] malformations which present together: | ||
* A '''[[ventricular septal defect]] (VSD)''': a hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the 'outlet septum', the most superior aspect of the septum, and in the majority of cases is single and large. In some cases septal hypertrophy can narrow the margins of the defect. <ref name=gatzoulis>Gatzoulis MA, Webb GD, Daubeney PE. (2005) ''Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease''. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. ISBN 0443071039.</ref> | |||
* '''[[Pulmonic stenosis]]''': Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction | |||
** A narrowing at (valvular stenosis, seen in approximately 20-25% case) or just below (infundibular stenosis, seen in around 50% of cases) the [[heart|pulmonary valve]]. ** The stenosis is mostly the result of hypertrophy of the septoparietal trabeculae,<ref name=gatzoulis/> however the deviated outlet septum is believed to play a role. **The stenosis is the major cause of the malformations, with the other associated malformations acting as compensatory mechanisms to the pulmonic stenosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bartelings M, Gittenberger-de Groot A |title=Morphogenetic considerations on congenital malformations of the outflow tract. Part 1: Common arterial trunk and tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Int. J. Cardiol. |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=213-30 |year=1991 |pmid=1917172}}</ref>. | |||
** The degree of stenosis varies between individuals with TOF, and is the primary determinant of symptoms and severity. | |||
** This malformation is infrequently described as ''sub-pulmonary stenosis'' or ''subpulmonary obstruction''. <ref>Anderson RH, Weinberg. The clinical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young. 2005 15;38-47. PMID 15934690.</ref>'''Tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary atresia''' or '''pseudotruncus arteriosus''' is a severe variant in which there is complete obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract and absence of the pulmonary trunk. In these individuals, there is complete right to left shunting of blood. The lungs are perfused via extensive collaterals from the systemic arteries. | |||
* '''[[Overriding aorta]]''': defined as when the [[aortic valve]] is not restricted to the left ventricle, thus having biventricular connections. The aortic root can be moved anteriorly or override the septal defect, but it is still to the right of the root of the pulmonary artery. The degree of override is quite variable, being between 5-95% of the valve being connected to the right ventricle.<ref name=gatzoulis/> | |||
* '''Right [[ventricular hypertrophy]]''': The [[right ventricle]] is more muscular than normal, causing a characteristic coeur-en-sabot (boot-shaped) appearance as seen by chest X-ray. Due to the misarrangement of the external ventricular septum, the right ventricular wall increase in size to deal with the increased obstruction to the right outflow tract. This feature is now generally agreed to be a secondary anomaly, as the level of hypertrophy generally increases with age. <ref>Anderson RH, Tynan M. Tetralogy of Fallot – a centennial review. Int J Cardiol. 1988 21; 219-232. PMID 3068155.</ref> | |||
[[Image:normalandfallot.jpg|center|thumbnail|350px|Cardiology]] <ref>http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/chd/chd_all.html</ref> | [[Image:normalandfallot.jpg|center|thumbnail|350px|Cardiology]] <ref>http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/chd/chd_all.html</ref> | ||
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# partially or totally [[anomalous pulmonary venous return]] | # partially or totally [[anomalous pulmonary venous return]] | ||
# forked ribs and [[scoliosis]] | # forked ribs and [[scoliosis]] | ||
Revision as of 15:03, 12 July 2011
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editors-In-Chief: Keri Shafer, M.D. [2]; Atif Mohammad, M.D., Priyamvada Singh, MBBS
Anatomic morphology
The defect is due to anterocephalad deviation of the outlet septum. This defect in outlet septum in turn leads to the four characteristic features
Primary four malformations
As classically described, tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart malformations which present together:
- A ventricular septal defect (VSD): a hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the 'outlet septum', the most superior aspect of the septum, and in the majority of cases is single and large. In some cases septal hypertrophy can narrow the margins of the defect. [1]
- Pulmonic stenosis: Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction
- A narrowing at (valvular stenosis, seen in approximately 20-25% case) or just below (infundibular stenosis, seen in around 50% of cases) the pulmonary valve. ** The stenosis is mostly the result of hypertrophy of the septoparietal trabeculae,[1] however the deviated outlet septum is believed to play a role. **The stenosis is the major cause of the malformations, with the other associated malformations acting as compensatory mechanisms to the pulmonic stenosis.[2].
- The degree of stenosis varies between individuals with TOF, and is the primary determinant of symptoms and severity.
- This malformation is infrequently described as sub-pulmonary stenosis or subpulmonary obstruction. [3]Tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary atresia or pseudotruncus arteriosus is a severe variant in which there is complete obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract and absence of the pulmonary trunk. In these individuals, there is complete right to left shunting of blood. The lungs are perfused via extensive collaterals from the systemic arteries.
- Overriding aorta: defined as when the aortic valve is not restricted to the left ventricle, thus having biventricular connections. The aortic root can be moved anteriorly or override the septal defect, but it is still to the right of the root of the pulmonary artery. The degree of override is quite variable, being between 5-95% of the valve being connected to the right ventricle.[1]
- Right ventricular hypertrophy: The right ventricle is more muscular than normal, causing a characteristic coeur-en-sabot (boot-shaped) appearance as seen by chest X-ray. Due to the misarrangement of the external ventricular septum, the right ventricular wall increase in size to deal with the increased obstruction to the right outflow tract. This feature is now generally agreed to be a secondary anomaly, as the level of hypertrophy generally increases with age. [4]
Other variations
There is anatomic variation between the hearts of individuals with tetralogy of Fallot. The degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction varies between patients and is generally determines clinical symptoms and disease progression. Tetralogy of Fallot may present with other anatomical anomalies, including:
- stenosis of the left pulmonary artery, in 40% of patients
- a bicuspid pulmonary valve, in 40% of patients
- right-sided aortic arch, in 25% of patients
- coronary artery anomalies, in 10% of patients
- an atrial septal defect, in which case the syndrome is sometimes called a pentalogy of Fallot
- an atrioventricular septal defect
- partially or totally anomalous pulmonary venous return
- forked ribs and scoliosis
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gatzoulis MA, Webb GD, Daubeney PE. (2005) Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. ISBN 0443071039.
- ↑ Bartelings M, Gittenberger-de Groot A (1991). "Morphogenetic considerations on congenital malformations of the outflow tract. Part 1: Common arterial trunk and tetralogy of Fallot". Int. J. Cardiol. 32 (2): 213–30. PMID 1917172.
- ↑ Anderson RH, Weinberg. The clinical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young. 2005 15;38-47. PMID 15934690.
- ↑ Anderson RH, Tynan M. Tetralogy of Fallot – a centennial review. Int J Cardiol. 1988 21; 219-232. PMID 3068155.
- ↑ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/chd/chd_all.html