Gangrene classification: Difference between revisions

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[[Signs]] that a [[gangrene]] will not develop:  
[[Signs]] that a [[gangrene]] will not develop:  
*Livid after the [[ecchymosis]], greenish or yellowish, and soft. <ref name="pmid19540438">{{cite journal| author=Christopoulou-Aletra H, Papavramidou N| title=The manifestation of "gangrene" in the Hippocratic corpus. | journal=Ann Vasc Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 548-51 | pmid=19540438 | doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2009.02.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540438  }} </ref>
*Livid after the [[ecchymosis]], greenish or yellowish, and soft. <ref name="pmid19540438">{{cite journal| author=Christopoulou-Aletra H, Papavramidou N| title=The manifestation of "gangrene" in the Hippocratic corpus. | journal=Ann Vasc Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 548-51 | pmid=19540438 | doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2009.02.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540438  }} </ref>
 
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Gangrene_of_digits.png|thumb|300px|center|[[Digital]] [[gangrene]] of the [[upper extremities]].<br> ('''Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine'''.)]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Gangrene_of_extremities.png|thumb|300px|center|[[Digital]] [[gangrene]] of the [[lower extremities]] due to [[''Streptococcus pyogenes'']].<br> ('''Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine'''.)]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |[[Image:Gangrene_of_extremities.png|thumb|300px|center|[[Digital]] [[gangrene]] of the [[lower extremities]] due to ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]''.<br> ('''Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine'''.)]]
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Revision as of 07:14, 4 April 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.

Overview

There are three main types of gangrene which include wet, dry, and gas gangrene. Sometimes, gangrene is also classified according to its site. [1]

Classification

There are three main types of gangrene which include wet, dry, and gas gangrene. Sometimes, gangrene is also classified according to its site. Table 1 summarizes the classification of gangrene.[1]


Table 1. Classification of Gangrene.
Classification Example Description Images
Based on Type Dry Gangrene Dry gangrene refers to a dehydrated necrotic tissue brought about by worsening ischemia distal to the occlusion of arteries.

This is usually a worsening condition of peripheral artery disease.[2]
Dry gangrene on the right foot of a patient with peripheral artery disease. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia)
Wet Gangrene This is an infection of a compromised tissue due to poor venous or arterial flow.

Most cases of wet gangrene are seen in lower extremities, where pool of gravity leading to edema is most likely to happen.

However, there are some instances that wet gangrene is seen in oral and genitourinary areas.

People with diabetes are at high-risk to have this infection, which is attributed to hyperglycemia and poor wound healing.[3]
Wet gangrene seen on a patient with diabetes and is suffering with severe infection and loss of toes (Image courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA.)
Gas Gangrene Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues.

It is a deadly form of gangrene usually caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria.

Infection spreads rapidly as the gases produced by bacteria expand and infiltrate healthy tissue in the vicinity.

Because of its ability to quickly spread to surrounding tissues, gas gangrene should be treated as a medical emergency.

Gas gangrene can cause necrosis, gas production, and sepsis.

Progression to toxemia and shock is often very rapid.
Gas gangrene on the right leg and pelvis of a patient with palpable crepitus, swelling, bullae, and discoloration. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia.)
Based on Site Gangrene of the skull Gangrene of the skull is a dark-colored area transitioning to a yellowish-off white color.

This happens after a fracture, and it is considered a deadly condition once it becomes purulent, with bleb-formation on the tongue.

Swelling, spasm on one side of the body, and exfoliation are the usual clinical manifestations of this condition. [1]
Gangrene of the face Noma is the term used to refer to the gangrene of the face.
Mucous membranes of the mouth are destroyed.
(Image courtesy of A.D.A.M., Inc. thru National Library of Medicine.)
Bilteral periorbital gangrene of the face.
(Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine.)
Gangrene of the jaw Tooth fracture and inflammation cause gangrene of the jaw. [1]
Gangrene of the extremities There are several possible causes of gangrene of the extremities. These include:

Clinical manifestations include:

Signs that a gangrene is about to develop:

Signs that a gangrene will not develop:

Digital gangrene of the upper extremities.
(Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine.)
Digital gangrene of the lower extremities due to Streptococcus pyogenes.
(Image courtesy of National Library of Medicine.)
Gangrene of the ribs Gangrene of the ribs can bring about hemoptysis, coughs, and abscesses.[1]
Gangrene of the skin Necrotizing fasciitis affects the deeper layers of the skin.
Gangrene of the genitals Fournier gangrene usually affects the male genitals.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Christopoulou-Aletra H, Papavramidou N (2009). "The manifestation of "gangrene" in the Hippocratic corpus". Ann Vasc Surg. 23 (4): 548–51. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2009.02.002. PMID 19540438.
  2. "StatPearls". 2022. PMID 32809387 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. Al Wahbi A (2018). "Autoamputation of diabetic toe with dry gangrene: a myth or a fact?". Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 11: 255–264. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S164199. PMC 5987754. PMID 29910628.

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