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| ==Differentiating COVID-19-associated headache from other Diseases== | | ==Differentiating COVID-19-associated headache from other Diseases== |
| COVID-19-associated headache must be differentiated from other diseases that cause headache, such as [[migraine]], [[tension-type headache]], [[Cluster headache (patient information)|cluster headache]], [[seizure]], [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]], [[neurosyphilis]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|SAH]], [[subdural hematoma]], [[brain tumor]], [[hypertensive encephalopathy]], [[brain abscess]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[hemorrhagic stroke]], [[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernickes encephalopathy]], and [[drug toxicity]] etc.<ref name="pmid145039852">{{cite journal |vauthors= |title=National guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage |journal=Ann. Clin. Biochem. |volume=40 |issue=Pt 5 |pages=481–8 |date=September 2003 |pmid=14503985 |doi=10.1258/000456303322326399 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid237177982">{{cite journal| author=Le Rhun E, Taillibert S, Chamberlain MC| title=Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. | journal=Surg Neurol Int | year= 2013 | volume= 4 | issue= Suppl 4 | pages= S265-88 | pmid=23717798 | doi=10.4103/2152-7806.111304 | pmc=3656567 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23717798 }}</ref><ref name="pmid243266182">{{cite journal| author=Chow E, Troy SB| title=The differential diagnosis of hypoglycorrhachia in adult patients. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 348 | issue= 3 | pages= 186-90 | pmid=24326618 | doi=10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000217 | pmc=4065645 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24326618 }}</ref><ref name="pmid228800962">{{cite journal| author=Leen WG, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, Verbeek MM| title=Cerebrospinal fluid glucose and lactate: age-specific reference values and implications for clinical practice. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= e42745 | pmid=22880096 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0042745 | pmc=3412827 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22880096 }}</ref><ref name="pmid106549482">{{cite journal| author=Negrini B, Kelleher KJ, Wald ER| title=Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aseptic versus bacterial meningitis. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2000 | volume= 105 | issue= 2 | pages= 316-9 | pmid=10654948 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10654948 }}</ref><ref name="pmid206108192">{{cite journal| author=Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D| title=Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 23 | issue= 3 | pages= 467-92 | pmid=20610819 | doi=10.1128/CMR.00070-09 | pmc=2901656 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20610819 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27692742">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vermeulen M, Hasan D, Blijenberg BG, Hijdra A, van Gijn J |title=Xanthochromia after subarachnoid haemorrhage needs no revisitation |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=826–8 |date=July 1989 |pmid=2769274 |pmc=1031927 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.52.7.826 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid158850532">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasay M, Mekan SF, Khelaeni B, Saeed Z, Hassan A, Cheema Z, Bakshi R |title=Extra temporal involvement in herpes simplex encephalitis |journal=Eur. J. Neurol. |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=475–9 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15885053 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.00999.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid171092902">{{cite journal |vauthors=Glaser CA, Honarmand S, Anderson LJ, Schnurr DP, Forghani B, Cossen CK, Schuster FL, Christie LJ, Tureen JH |title=Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=1565–77 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17109290 |doi=10.1086/509330 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid214901812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL |title=Rhinosinusitis diagnosis and management for the clinician: a synopsis of recent consensus guidelines |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=427–43 |date=May 2011 |pmid=21490181 |pmc=3084646 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0392 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19410102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Schroll M, Olesen J |title=Epidemiology of headache in a general population--a prevalence study |journal=J Clin Epidemiol |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=1147–57 |date=1991 |pmid=1941010 |doi=10.1016/0895-4356(91)90147-2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid154476952">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kelman L |title=The premonitory symptoms (prodrome): a tertiary care study of 893 migraineurs |journal=Headache |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=865–72 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15447695 |doi=10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04168.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid266433782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laurell K, Artto V, Bendtsen L, Hagen K, Häggström J, Linde M, Söderström L, Tronvik E, Wessman M, Zwart JA, Kallela M |title=Premonitory symptoms in migraine: A cross-sectional study in 2714 persons |journal=Cephalalgia |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=951–9 |date=September 2016 |pmid=26643378 |doi=10.1177/0333102415620251 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Charlotte E. Grayson and The Cleveland Clinic Neuroscience Center | title=Cluster Headaches |url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/46/1826_50688.htm | date=October 2004 | publisher=WebMD | accessdate=2006-09-22}}</ref><ref name="pmid78887472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drummond PD |title=Sweating and vascular responses in the face: normal regulation and dysfunction in migraine, cluster headache and harlequin syndrome |journal=Clin. Auton. Res. |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=273–85 |date=October 1994 |pmid=7888747 |doi=10.1007/BF01827433 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid166869022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drummond PD |title=Mechanisms of autonomic disturbance in the face during and between attacks of cluster headache |journal=Cephalalgia |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=633–41 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16686902 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01106.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22454692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ekbom K |title=Evaluation of clinical criteria for cluster headache with special reference to the classification of the International Headache Society |journal=Cephalalgia |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=195–7 |date=August 1990 |pmid=2245469 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1004195.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid76977072">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandrini G, Antonaci F, Pucci E, Bono G, Nappi G |title=Comparative study with EMG, pressure algometry and manual palpation in tension-type headache and migraine |journal=Cephalalgia |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=451–7; discussion 394–5 |date=December 1994 |pmid=7697707 |doi=10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1406451.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid75157932">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen R, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A |title=Quantitative surface EMG of pericranial muscles. Relation to age and sex in a general population |journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=175–83 |date=June 1994 |pmid=7515793 |doi=10.1016/0168-5597(94)90038-8 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Disease
| |
| ! colspan="13" |History and Physical Examination
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |PMHx
| |
| ! colspan="3" |Diagnostic approach
| |
| |-
| |
| !Bilateral
| |
| !Throbbing character
| |
| !Autonomic symptoms
| |
| !Fever
| |
| !Photophobia
| |
| !Aphasia
| |
| !LOC
| |
| !Aura
| |
| !Nause/
| |
| Vomiting
| |
| !Rash
| |
| !Neck stiffness
| |
| !Vision changes
| |
| !Neurologic deficits
| |
| !Labs and CSF findings
| |
| !CT/MRI
| |
| !Gold standard test
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Migraine]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| | +
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| | +
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Trigger factors, family hx
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Clinical assesment
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Tension-type headache|Tension-type headache (TTH)]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| | -
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| | -
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[stress]], [[genetics]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Clinical assesment
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Cluster headache]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |episodic history
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Clinical assesment
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Seizure]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |Hx of [[Seizure|seizures]]
| |
| |prolactin level
| |
| |<nowiki>+/- mass lesion</nowiki>
| |
| |[[EEG]] <ref name="pmid11385043">{{cite journal| author=Manford M| title=Assessment and investigation of possible epileptic seizures. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2001 | volume= 70 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= II3-8 | pmid=11385043 | doi= | pmc=1765557 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11385043 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Meningitis]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |Hx of [[fever]], [[malaise]]
| |
| |[[Leukocytosis|<math>\uparrow</math>WBC]]
| |
|
| |
| <math>\uparrow</math>Protein
| |
|
| |
| <math>\downarrow</math>glucose
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[CSF analysis]]<ref name="pmid19398286">{{cite journal| author=Carbonnelle E| title=[Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: usefulness of various tests for the determination of the etiological agent]. | journal=Med Mal Infect | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 7-8 | pages= 581-605 | pmid=19398286 | doi=10.1016/j.medmal.2009.02.017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19398286 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Encephalitis]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |Hx of [[fever]], [[malaise]]
| |
| |elevated WBC, low glucose
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |CSF PCR
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Brain tumor]]<ref name="pmid10582668">{{cite journal| author=Morgenstern LB, Frankowski RF| title=Brain tumor masquerading as stroke. | journal=J Neurooncol | year= 1999 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-52 | pmid=10582668 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10582668 }}</ref>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[weight loss]], [[fatigue]]
| |
| |neuromarkers,
| |
| Cancer cells<ref name="pmid21371327">{{cite journal| author=Weston CL, Glantz MJ, Connor JR| title=Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions. | journal=Fluids Barriers CNS | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 14 | pmid=21371327 | doi=10.1186/2045-8118-8-14 | pmc=3059292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21371327 }}</ref>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/- mass</nowiki>
| |
| |[[MRI]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Subdural hematoma|Subdural hemorrhage]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[Trauma]], [[fall]]
| |
| |Xanthochromia
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |CT w/o contrast
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
| |
| | -/+
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[thunderclap headache]]
| |
| |<math>\uparrow</math>opening pressure, xanthochromia
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |CT w/o contrast
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hypertensive encephalopathy]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[Hypertension]]
| |
| |UA +/-
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |clinical assessment
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Brain abscess|CNS abscess]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |History of [[drug abuse]], [[endocarditis]], [[immunosupression]]
| |
| |'''↑''' [[Leukocytosis|leukocytes]], '''↓''' [[glucose]] and '''↑''' protien
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |[[MRI]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Conversion disorder]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |History of [[emotional stress]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| | -
| |
| |Diagnosis of exclusion
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Multiple sclerosis]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |History of relapses and remissions
| |
| |'''↑''' [[CSF]] [[IgG]] levels
| |
|
| |
| (monoclonal bands)
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |[[MRI]]
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Hemorrhagic stroke]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[Hypertension|HTN]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |[[CT scan]] without contrast<ref name="pmid21694755">{{cite journal| author=Birenbaum D, Bancroft LW, Felsberg GJ| title=Imaging in acute stroke. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2011 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-76 | pmid=21694755 | doi= | pmc=3088377 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694755 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21807345">{{cite journal| author=DeLaPaz RL, Wippold FJ, Cornelius RS, Amin-Hanjani S, Angtuaco EJ, Broderick DF et al.| title=ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on cerebrovascular disease. | journal=J Am Coll Radiol | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=21807345 | doi=10.1016/j.jacr.2011.05.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21807345 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Neurosyphilis]]<ref name="pmid22482824">{{cite journal| author=Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG et al.| title=Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 317 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 35-9 | pmid=22482824 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22482824 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24365430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger JR, Dean D |title=Neurosyphilis |journal=Handb Clin Neurol |volume=121 |issue= |pages=1461–72 |year=2014 |pmid=24365430 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[Sexually transmitted disease|STI]]<nowiki/>s
| |
| |'''↑''' [[Leukocytes]] and [[protein]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |CSF [[VDRL]]-specifc
| |
|
| |
| CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive<ref name="pmid22421697">{{cite journal| author=Ho EL, Marra CM| title=Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought? | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 298-9 | pmid=22421697 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574 | pmc=3746559 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22421697 }}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Wernicke's encephalopathy|Wernicke’s encephalopathy]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |History of alcohal abuse
| |
| |blood ethanol levels
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |Clinical assesment and lab findings
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Drug toxicity]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |Medication hx
| |
| |Drug levels
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Drug screen test
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Metabolic disorder|Metabolic disturbances]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |Underlying [[CKD]], CLD
| |
| |[[Hypoglycemia]], [[Hyponatremia|hypo]] and [[hypernatremia]], [[Hypokalemia|hypo]] and [[hyperkalemia]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |Cause dependent
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Sinusitis]]
| |
| |<nowiki>-/+</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| |
| |[[allergies]], seasonal
| |
| |[[leukocytosis]]
| |
| |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| |
| |[[CT-scans|CT]]
| |
| |}
| |
| </small></small>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |