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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{M.N}}
{{WikiDoc CMG}}; {{AE}}, {{M.N}}
 
==Overview==
This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the disease or symptom.  The first sentence of the overview must contain the name of the disease.<ref name="pmid29067433">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lukacz ES, Santiago-Lastra Y, Albo ME, Brubaker L |title=Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=318 |issue=16 |pages=1592–1604 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29067433 |doi=10.1001/jama.2017.12137 |url=}}</ref>
 
*Cardiology is
 
===Causes===
{| class="wikitable"
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!Kidney
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#Hallmark<ref name="pmid179495412">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ |title=Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism |journal=J Can Dent Assoc |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=727–30 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17949541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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#life
#[[cardiac]]


==Malaria pathophysiology==
*cardiac arrest<ref name="pmid17949541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ |title=Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism |journal=J Can Dent Assoc |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=727–30 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17949541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*sudden infant death


*Malaria is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted through the bites of female anopheles flies. Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria with undulating high fever (malaria tropica).The life cycle of plasmodium falciparum is shown in the image. [[File:630px-Plasmodium lifecycle PHIL 3405 lores.jpg|right|]]
[[File:Pancreas 1.png|400px|right|thumb|Image of pancreas anatomy,Dr. Johannes Sobotta, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_393.png,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png]]
==Lifecycle==
===In humans===
*Infection in humans begin with the bite of a female ''Anopheles'' mosquito. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is the one that is most prevalent in Africa.
*The infective stage called sporozoites released from the salivary glands enters into the blood stream during feeding.The immune system clears the sporozoites in 30 minutes but a few enters the liver cells called ''Hypnozoites''.
====Liver stage or exo-erytrocytic schizogony====
*After entering the liver the parasite gets transformed into ''Trophozoite''. This process is called shizogony.
====Blood stage or erythrocytic schizogony====
*After entering the RBC they are called merozoites.With in the erythrocyte the parasite metabolism  depends on the digestion of hemoglobin.The clinical features of malaria like fever, anemia and neurological symptoms appear during this particular stage.
===In mosquito===


*Within the mosquito midgut, the female gamete maturation process entails slight morphological changes, becoming more enlarged and spherical.
==Risk factors==
* The male gametocyte undergoes a rapid nuclear division within 15 minutes, producing eight flagellated microgametes by a process called ''Exflagellation''. The flagellated microgamete fertilizes the female macrogamete to produce a diploid cell called a zygote.
*The zygote then develops into an ookinete. The ookinete is a motile cell, capable of invading other organs of the mosquito. It traverses the peritrophic membrane of the mosquito midgut and crosses the midgut epithelium. Once through the epithelium, the ookinete enters the basal lamina, and settles to an immotile oocyst.
*For several days, the oocyst undergoes 10 to 11 rounds of cell division to create a syncytial cell (sporoblast) containing thousands of nuclei. Meiosis takes place inside the sporoblast to produce over 3,000 haploid daughter cells called sporozoites on the surface of the mother cell.
* Immature sporozoites break through the oocyst wall into the haemolymph. They migrate to the mosquito salivary glands where they undergo further development and become infective to humans.
==Complications==
Life threatening complications of malaria include:
*Severe infection of the brain(cerebral malaria) which presents with seizures, confusion, and tiredness leading to coma.
*Fluid in the lungs(pulmonary edema).
*Kidney failure.
*Aplastic anemia.
==Prognosis==
*Most patients with uncomplicated malaria will improve rapidly within 48hrs when treatment is initiated early.However ''P falciparum'' carries a poor prognosis if left untreated.


*


{| class="wikitable"
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!Alchohol
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|*Risk
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{{reflist|2}}<ref name="pmid27837743">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nerlich A |title=Paleopathology and Paleomicrobiology of Malaria |journal=Microbiol Spectr |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages= |date=November 2016 |pmid=27837743 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0006-2015 |url=}}</ref>
*''Smoking''<ref name="pmid17949541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ |title=Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism |journal=J Can Dent Assoc |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=727–30 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17949541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Alchohol
 
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="pmid31384377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holst KA, Connolly HM, Dearani JA |title=Ebstein's Anomaly |journal=Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |date=2019 |pmid=31384377 |pmc=6668741 |doi=10.14797/mdcj-15-2-138 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22723533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilner PJ |title=Imaging congenital heart disease in adults |journal=Br J Radiol |volume=84 Spec No 3 |issue= |pages=S258–68 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22723533 |pmc=3473918 |doi=10.1259/bjr/74240815 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ChoongEmberton2000">{{cite journal|last1=Choong|first1=S.|last2=Emberton|first2=M.|title=Acute urinary retention|journal=BJU International|volume=85|issue=2|year=2000|pages=186–201|issn=14644096|doi=10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00409.x}}</ref><ref name="MacedoMacedo2014">{{cite journal|last1=Macedo|first1=Cristiane R|last2=Macedo|first2=Elizeu C|last3=Torloni|first3=Maria R|last4=Silva|first4=Ademir B|last5=Prado|first5=Gilmar F|last6=Macedo|first6=Cristiane R|title=Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism|year=2014|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005578.pub2}}</ref>
 
 
#[[Pregnancy]]
#[[Urinary]]
#Life
 
[[File:Gallbladder (organ).png|500px|none|thumb|Gallbladder image showing duct, https://www.google.com/search?q=gallbladder&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS833US833&sxsrf=ALeKk01butIe1QFo3P4CKO5mV5r7NnUsmA:1599229639711&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix9trU2s_rAhVnoXIEHbL9AG4Q_AUoAXoECBEQAw&biw=1280&bih=539&dpr=1.5&safe=active#imgrc=B2pKDDEl92qKKM]]
 
[[File:Pancreatic-ductal-carcinoma.jpg|300px|none|thumb|CT scan showing pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 20874,Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20874">rID: 20874</a>]]
 
===Common Causes===
 
*UTI <ref name="CappellePans2016">{{cite journal|last1=Cappelle|first1=Sarah|last2=Pans|first2=Steven|last3=Sciot|first3=Raf|title=Imaging features of chondromyxoid fibroma: report of 15 cases and literature review|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=89|issue=1064|year=2016|pages=20160088|issn=0007-1285|doi=10.1259/bjr.20160088}}</ref><ref name="pmid31625673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sussman RD, Syan R, Brucker BM |title=Guideline of guidelines: urinary incontinence in women |journal=BJU Int |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=638–655 |date=May 2020 |pmid=31625673 |doi=10.1111/bju.14927 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17949541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ |title=Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism |journal=J Can Dent Assoc |volume=73 |issue=8 |pages=727–30 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17949541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Heart]]
*[[Common cause 3]]
*[[Common cause 4]]
*[[Common cause 5]]
 
[[File:Pancreatic-ductal-carcinoma (1).jpg|400px|none|CT showing adenocarcinoma, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 20874, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20874">rID: 20874</a>]]
 
==Diagnosis==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.<ref name="pmid31384377">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holst KA, Connolly HM, Dearani JA |title=Ebstein's Anomaly |journal=Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |date=2019 |pmid=31384377 |pmc=6668741 |doi=10.14797/mdcj-15-2-138 |url=}}</ref>
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
{{familytree | | | | A01 | | | A01= }}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | B01= }}
{{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | C01= | C02= }}
 
{{familytree/end}}
 
==Treatment==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01= }}
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01= |B02= }}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01= }}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01= |D02= |D03= }}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
{{familytree | E01 | | | | | | | E02 | | | E03 |E01= |E02= |E03= }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | F02 |F01= |F02= }}
{{familytree/end}}
 
==Do's==
 
*The content in this section is in bullet points.
 
==Don'ts==
 
*The content in this section is in bullet points.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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__NOTOC__
{{Template:Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve}}
[[File:79px-Life cycle of Rustic Butterfly (2663558308).jpg|800px|center|thumb|The Rustic (Cupha erymanthis) is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_Rustic_Butterfly_(2663558308).jpg]]
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Onset
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gold Standard
Test
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT/MRI Findings
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Other Investigation Findings
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |'''Headache'''
Characteristics
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Associated Features
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Sudden'''
|Epidural hematoma
|
*Dull
*Throbbing
*One sided or all around
|
*[[Confusion]]
*[[Drowsiness]]
*[[Personality changes|Personality change]]
*[[Seizure|Seizures]]
*[[Nausea]] and [[vomiting]]
*[[Headache|Loss of consciousness]]
|[[Computed tomography|CT scan]] without [[Contrast medium|contrast]]
|Biconvex lens shaped [[hematoma]] which expand inward toward the [[brain]] rather than along the inside of the [[skull]]
|
*The [[Glasgow Coma Scale]] is a tool for measuring degree of [[unconsciousness]] and is a useful tool for determining severity of [[injury]].
*The [[Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale]] is used in young [[children]].
|-
|[[Meningitis]]
|[[Headache]] is associated with:
*[[Fever]]
*[[Neck stiffness]]
|
*[[Photophobia]]   
*[[Phonophobia]] 
*[[Irritability]]
*[[Altered mental status]]
|[[Lumbar puncture]] for [[CSF]]
|
*[[CT]] scan of the [[head]] may be performed before [[Lumbar puncture|LP]] to determine the risk of [[herniation]].
|
*[[Diagnosis]] is based on [[clinical]] presentation in combination with [[CSF]] analysis.
*[[CSF]] analysis is the investigation of choice.
*For more information on [[CSF]] analysis in [[meningitis]] please [[Meningitis#Diagnosis|click here.]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''Gradual'''
|[[Intracranial mass]]
|[[Morning headache]]
|
*[[Nausea]]
*[[Vomiting]]
*[[Change in mental status]]
*[[Seizures]]
*[[Focal neurologic signs|Focal neurological deficits]]
|[[MRI]]
|
*[[CT]] or [[MRI]] is the initial test to detect intracranial lesions (ring enhancing lesions).
*These [[imaging]] tests determine the location of [[intracranial mass]] lesion(s) and help in guiding [[therapy]].
|
*[[Biopsy]] of the [[lesion]] may be done to identify the nature of the lesion such as:
**[[Tumor]]
**[[Abscess]]
*[[X-rays|X-ray]] of the [[skull]] is a non [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] test, but useful if any of the lesions are [[Calcified lesion|calcified]]
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 14:30, 8 May 2021


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: , Maneesha Nandimandalam, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the disease or symptom. The first sentence of the overview must contain the name of the disease.[1]

  • Cardiology is

Causes

Cardiac Kidney
  1. Hallmark[2]
2.


  1. life
  2. cardiac
  • cardiac arrest[3]
  • sudden infant death
Image of pancreas anatomy,Dr. Johannes Sobotta, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_393.png,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png

Risk factors

Smoking Alchohol
*Risk factor *Risk
  • Smoking[3]
  • Alchohol

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[4][5][6][7]


  1. Pregnancy
  2. Urinary
  3. Life
Gallbladder image showing duct, https://www.google.com/search?q=gallbladder&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS833US833&sxsrf=ALeKk01butIe1QFo3P4CKO5mV5r7NnUsmA:1599229639711&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix9trU2s_rAhVnoXIEHbL9AG4Q_AUoAXoECBEQAw&biw=1280&bih=539&dpr=1.5&safe=active#imgrc=B2pKDDEl92qKKM
CT scan showing pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 20874,Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20874">rID: 20874</a>

Common Causes

CT showing adenocarcinoma, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 20874, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20874">rID: 20874</a>
CT showing adenocarcinoma, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 20874, Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad Taghi Niknejad, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/20874">rID: 20874</a>

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.[4]

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

Don'ts

  • The content in this section is in bullet points.

References

  1. ↑ Lukacz ES, Santiago-Lastra Y, Albo ME, Brubaker L (October 2017). "Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Review". JAMA. 318 (16): 1592–1604. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12137. PMID 29067433.
  2. ↑ Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ (October 2007). "Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism". J Can Dent Assoc. 73 (8): 727–30. PMID 17949541.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ (October 2007). "Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism". J Can Dent Assoc. 73 (8): 727–30. PMID 17949541.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Holst KA, Connolly HM, Dearani JA (2019). "Ebstein's Anomaly". Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 15 (2): 138–144. doi:10.14797/mdcj-15-2-138. PMC 6668741 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31384377.
  5. ↑ Kilner PJ (December 2011). "Imaging congenital heart disease in adults". Br J Radiol. 84 Spec No 3: S258–68. doi:10.1259/bjr/74240815. PMC 3473918. PMID 22723533.
  6. ↑ Choong, S.; Emberton, M. (2000). "Acute urinary retention". BJU International. 85 (2): 186–201. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00409.x. ISSN 1464-4096.
  7. ↑ Macedo, Cristiane R; Macedo, Elizeu C; Torloni, Maria R; Silva, Ademir B; Prado, Gilmar F; Macedo, Cristiane R (2014). "Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005578.pub2.
  8. ↑ Cappelle, Sarah; Pans, Steven; Sciot, Raf (2016). "Imaging features of chondromyxoid fibroma: report of 15 cases and literature review". The British Journal of Radiology. 89 (1064): 20160088. doi:10.1259/bjr.20160088. ISSN 0007-1285.
  9. ↑ Sussman RD, Syan R, Brucker BM (May 2020). "Guideline of guidelines: urinary incontinence in women". BJU Int. 125 (5): 638–655. doi:10.1111/bju.14927. PMID 31625673.


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The Rustic (Cupha erymanthis) is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_Rustic_Butterfly_(2663558308).jpg
Onset Disease Symptoms Gold Standard

Test

CT/MRI Findings Other Investigation Findings
Headache

Characteristics

Associated Features
Sudden Epidural hematoma
  • Dull
  • Throbbing
  • One sided or all around
 CT scan without contrast Biconvex lens shaped hematoma which expand inward toward the brain rather than along the inside of the skull
Meningitis Headache is associated with: Lumbar puncture for CSF
Gradual Intracranial mass Morning headache MRI
  • CT or MRI is the initial test to detect intracranial lesions (ring enhancing lesions).
  • These imaging tests determine the location of intracranial mass lesion(s) and help in guiding therapy.
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