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== Isoforms and derivatives ==
== Isoforms and derivatives ==
The protein has four [[isoforms]]—alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-PPT—which can variably undergo [[post-translational modification]] to produce [[neurokinin A]] (formerly known as substance K) and [[substance P]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holzer|first=P.|date=1988-03-01|title=Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: Involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452288900644|journal=Neuroscience|volume=24|issue=3|pages=739–768|doi=10.1016/0306-4522(88)90064-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bannon|first=Michael J.|last2=Poosch|first2=Michael S.|last3=Haverstick|first3=Doris M.|last4=Anita|first4=Mandal|last5=Xue|first5=Iris C. -H.|last6=Shibata|first6=Kazuhiko|last7=Dragovic|first7=Ljubisa J.|date=1992-01-01|title=Preprotachykinin gene expression in the human basal ganglia: characterization of mRNAs and pre-mRNAs produced by alternate RNA splicing|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169328X9290088S|journal=Molecular Brain Research|volume=12|issue=1–3|pages=225–231|doi=10.1016/0169-328X(92)90088-S}}</ref> Alpha- and delta-PPT can only be modified to substance P, whereas beta- and gamma-PPT can produce both substance P and neurokinin A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mentata.com/ds/retrieve/mesh/supplementary/C044206|title=MeSH Supplementary Concept: preprotachykinin|website=www.mentata.com|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>
The protein has four [[isoforms]]—alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-PPT—which can variably undergo [[post-translational modification]] to produce [[neurokinin A]] (formerly known as substance K) and [[substance P]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holzer|first=P.|date=1988-03-01|title=Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: Involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452288900644|journal=Neuroscience|volume=24|issue=3|pages=739–768|doi=10.1016/0306-4522(88)90064-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bannon|first=Michael J.|last2=Poosch|first2=Michael S.|last3=Haverstick|first3=Doris M.|last4=Anita|first4=Mandal|last5=Xue|first5=Iris C. -H.|last6=Shibata|first6=Kazuhiko|last7=Dragovic|first7=Ljubisa J.|date=1992-01-01|title=Preprotachykinin gene expression in the human basal ganglia: characterization of mRNAs and pre-mRNAs produced by alternate RNA splicing|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169328X9290088S|journal=Molecular Brain Research|volume=12|issue=1–3|pages=225–231|doi=10.1016/0169-328X(92)90088-S}}</ref> Alpha- and delta-PPT can only be modified to substance P, whereas beta- and gamma-PPT can produce both substance P and neurokinin A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mentata.com/ds/retrieve/mesh/supplementary/C044206|title=MeSH Supplementary Concept: preprotachykinin|website=www.mentata.com|access-date=2016-05-19}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>


Neurokinin A can also be further modified to produce [[neuropeptide K]] (also known as neurokinin K) and [[neuropeptide gamma]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takeda|first1=Y|last2=Krause|first2=JE|title=Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P-induced salivation|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|date=Jan 1989|volume=86|issue=1|pages=392–396|accessdate=19 May 2016|pmc=286471|doi=10.1073/pnas.86.1.392|pmid=2463627}}</ref>
Neurokinin A can also be further modified to produce [[neuropeptide K]] (also known as neurokinin K) and [[neuropeptide gamma]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Takeda|first1=Y|last2=Krause|first2=JE|title=Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P-induced salivation|journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A|date=Jan 1989|volume=86|issue=1|pages=392–396|pmc=286471|doi=10.1073/pnas.86.1.392|pmid=2463627}}</ref>


These [[hormone]]s are thought to function as [[neurotransmitter]]s which interact with nerve receptors and [[smooth muscle cells]]. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as [[Vasodilation|vasodilators]] and [[secretagogue]]s.  [[Alternative splicing]] of exons 4 and/or 6 produces four known products of undetermined significance.<ref name="entrez" />
These [[hormone]]s are thought to function as [[neurotransmitter]]s which interact with nerve receptors and [[smooth muscle cells]]. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as [[Vasodilation|vasodilators]] and [[secretagogue]]s.  [[Alternative splicing]] of exons 4 and/or 6 produces four known products of undetermined significance.<ref name="entrez" />

Latest revision as of 18:09, 10 June 2018

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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

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Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Preprotachykinin-1, (abbreviated PPT-1, PPT-I, or PPT-A), is a precursor protein that in humans is encoded by the TAC1 gene.[1][2]

Isoforms and derivatives

The protein has four isoforms—alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-PPT—which can variably undergo post-translational modification to produce neurokinin A (formerly known as substance K) and substance P.[3][4] Alpha- and delta-PPT can only be modified to substance P, whereas beta- and gamma-PPT can produce both substance P and neurokinin A.[5]

Neurokinin A can also be further modified to produce neuropeptide K (also known as neurokinin K) and neuropeptide gamma.[6]

These hormones are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues. Alternative splicing of exons 4 and/or 6 produces four known products of undetermined significance.[2]

Human basal ganglia

The nature and distribution of PPT-1 has been studied in the human basal ganglia. The protein is expressed evenly throughout the caudate and putamen, and 80 to 85% of it exists in the beta-PPT isoform. 15-20% of the protein is in the gamma-PPT isoform, while no alpha-PPT was detected at all.[4]

Species comparison

In humans, beta-PPT is the dominant isoform in the brain, which contrasts with rats (predominantly gamma-PPT) and cows (alpha-PPT).[4]

While both human and rat PPT-1 produce substance P and neurokinin A, humans produce more neuropeptide K, whereas rats produce more neuropeptide gamma. In cow brains, PPT-1 primarily encodes substance P, but not other neurokinin A-derived peptides.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Chiwakata C, Brackmann B, Hunt N, Davidoff M, Schulze W, Ivell R (May 1991). "Tachykinin (substance-P) gene expression in Leydig cells of the human and mouse testis". Endocrinology. 128 (5): 2441–8. doi:10.1210/endo-128-5-2441. PMID 1708336.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: TAC1 tachykinin, precursor 1 (substance K, substance P, neurokinin 1, neurokinin 2, neuromedin L, neurokinin alpha, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide gamma)".
  3. ↑ Holzer, P. (1988-03-01). "Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: Involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides". Neuroscience. 24 (3): 739–768. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(88)90064-4.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bannon, Michael J.; Poosch, Michael S.; Haverstick, Doris M.; Anita, Mandal; Xue, Iris C. -H.; Shibata, Kazuhiko; Dragovic, Ljubisa J. (1992-01-01). "Preprotachykinin gene expression in the human basal ganglia: characterization of mRNAs and pre-mRNAs produced by alternate RNA splicing". Molecular Brain Research. 12 (1–3): 225–231. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(92)90088-S.
  5. ↑ "MeSH Supplementary Concept: preprotachykinin". www.mentata.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.[permanent dead link]
  6. ↑ Takeda, Y; Krause, JE (Jan 1989). "Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P-induced salivation". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86 (1): 392–396. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.1.392. PMC 286471. PMID 2463627.

Further reading


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