Cowden syndrome screening: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==


According to the [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] (NCCN) Guidelines, screening for [[cowden syndrome]] patients is recommended for women who are at risk for [[breast cancer]], [[uterine cancer]] and [[colon cancer]].   
According to the [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] (NCCN) Guidelines, [[screening]] for [[cowden syndrome]] patients is recommended for women who are at risk for [[breast cancer]], [[uterine cancer]] and [[colon cancer]].   
==Screening==
==Screening==
According to the [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] (NCCN) Guidelines, [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[cowden syndrome]] patients is recommended for women who are at risk for:<ref name="pmid250227502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB |title=Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=9 |issue= |pages=101 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25022750 |pmc=4112971 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-9-101 |url=}}</ref>
According to the [[National Comprehensive Cancer Network]] (NCCN) Guidelines, [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] for [[cowden syndrome]] patients is recommended for [[women]] who are at risk for:<ref name="pmid250227502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB |title=Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=9 |issue= |pages=101 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25022750 |pmc=4112971 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-9-101 |url=}}</ref>
*'''[[Breast cancer]]'''
*'''[[Breast cancer]]'''
**Starting at the age of 25 years, [[Breast examination|breast exam]] should be considered for every 6-12 months<ref name="pmid203016612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.<ref name="pmid251322363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9715274">{{cite journal |vauthors=FitzGerald MG, Marsh DJ, Wahrer D, Bell D, Caron S, Shannon KE, Ishioka C, Isselbacher KJ, Garber JE, Eng C, Haber DA |title=Germline mutations in PTEN are an infrequent cause of genetic predisposition to breast cancer |journal=Oncogene |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=727–31 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9715274 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1201984 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25186627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tung N, Battelli C, Allen B, Kaldate R, Bhatnagar S, Bowles K, Timms K, Garber JE, Herold C, Ellisen L, Krejdovsky J, DeLeonardis K, Sedgwick K, Soltis K, Roa B, Wenstrup RJ, Hartman AR |title=Frequency of mutations in individuals with breast cancer referred for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing using next-generation sequencing with a 25-gene panel |journal=Cancer |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25186627 |doi=10.1002/cncr.29010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25022750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB |title=Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=9 |issue= |pages=101 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25022750 |pmc=4112971 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-9-101 |url=}}</ref>  
**Starting at the age of 25 years, [[Breast examination|breast exam]] should be considered for every 6-12 months<ref name="pmid203016612">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>.<ref name="pmid251322363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9715274">{{cite journal |vauthors=FitzGerald MG, Marsh DJ, Wahrer D, Bell D, Caron S, Shannon KE, Ishioka C, Isselbacher KJ, Garber JE, Eng C, Haber DA |title=Germline mutations in PTEN are an infrequent cause of genetic predisposition to breast cancer |journal=Oncogene |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=727–31 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9715274 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1201984 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25186627">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tung N, Battelli C, Allen B, Kaldate R, Bhatnagar S, Bowles K, Timms K, Garber JE, Herold C, Ellisen L, Krejdovsky J, DeLeonardis K, Sedgwick K, Soltis K, Roa B, Wenstrup RJ, Hartman AR |title=Frequency of mutations in individuals with breast cancer referred for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing using next-generation sequencing with a 25-gene panel |journal=Cancer |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25186627 |doi=10.1002/cncr.29010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25022750">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB |title=Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=9 |issue= |pages=101 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25022750 |pmc=4112971 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-9-101 |url=}}</ref>  
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**Starting at the age of <nowiki/>30-35 years, annua<nowiki/>l [[uterine]] [[biopsies]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid20301661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
**Starting at the age of <nowiki/>30-35 years, annua<nowiki/>l [[uterine]] [[biopsies]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid20301661">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=20301661 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
*[[Endometrial cancer|'''Endometrial cancer''']]  
*[[Endometrial cancer|'''Endometrial cancer''']]  
**<nowiki/>Starting at the ag<nowiki/>e of <nowiki/>30-35 years, annua<nowiki/>l [[uterine]] [[biopsies]] or ultrasound should be considered.  
**<nowiki/>Starting at the ag<nowiki/>e of <nowiki/>30-35 years, annua<nowiki/>l [[uterine]] [[biopsies]] or [[ultrasound]] should be considered.  
*[[Colon cancer|'''Colon cancer''']]
*[[Colon cancer|'''Colon cancer''']]
**Startin<nowiki/>g at the age of <nowiki/>35<nowiki/> years, for ever<nowiki/>y 5 years [[colonoscopy]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid22672595">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nieuwenhuis MH, Kets CM, Murphy-Ryan M, Colas C, Möller P, Hes FJ, Hodgson SV, Olderode-Berends MJ, Aretz S, Heinimann K, Gomez Garcia EB, Douglas F, Spigelman A, Timshel S, Lindor NM, Vasen HF |title=Is colorectal surveillance indicated in patients with PTEN mutations? |journal=Colorectal Dis |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e562–6 |date=September 2012 |pmid=22672595 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03121.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10888212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kato M, Mizuki A, Hayashi T, Kunihiro T, Nagata H, Tsukada N, Orikasa H, Morinaga S |title=Cowden's disease diagnosed through mucocutaneous lesions and gastrointestinal polyposis with recurrent hematochezia, unrevealed by initial diagnosis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=559–63 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10888212 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22252256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, Rybicki LA, Orloff MS, Eng C |title=Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=400–7 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22252256 |pmc=3261579 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2283 |url=}}</ref>  
**Startin<nowiki/>g at the age of <nowiki/>35<nowiki/> years, for ever<nowiki/>y 5 years [[colonoscopy]] should be considered.<ref name="pmid22672595">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nieuwenhuis MH, Kets CM, Murphy-Ryan M, Colas C, Möller P, Hes FJ, Hodgson SV, Olderode-Berends MJ, Aretz S, Heinimann K, Gomez Garcia EB, Douglas F, Spigelman A, Timshel S, Lindor NM, Vasen HF |title=Is colorectal surveillance indicated in patients with PTEN mutations? |journal=Colorectal Dis |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e562–6 |date=September 2012 |pmid=22672595 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03121.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10888212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kato M, Mizuki A, Hayashi T, Kunihiro T, Nagata H, Tsukada N, Orikasa H, Morinaga S |title=Cowden's disease diagnosed through mucocutaneous lesions and gastrointestinal polyposis with recurrent hematochezia, unrevealed by initial diagnosis |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=39 |issue=7 |pages=559–63 |date=July 2000 |pmid=10888212 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22252256">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, Rybicki LA, Orloff MS, Eng C |title=Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations |journal=Clin. Cancer Res. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=400–7 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22252256 |pmc=3261579 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2283 |url=}}</ref>  
Line 20: Line 20:
**Patie<nowiki/>nts at all ages sh<nowiki/><nowiki/>ould consider an a<nowiki/>nnual [[thyroid]] examination with an [[ultrasound scan]] is recommended.<ref name="pmid10594284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harach HR, Soubeyran I, Brown A, Bonneau D, Longy M |title=Thyroid pathologic findings in patients with Cowden disease |journal=Ann Diagn Pathol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=331–40 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10594284 |doi=10.1053/ADPA00300331 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21190448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laury AR, Bongiovanni M, Tille JC, Kozakewich H, Nosé V |title=Thyroid pathology in PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome: characteristic findings of a distinct entity |journal=Thyroid |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=135–44 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21190448 |doi=10.1089/thy.2010.0226 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3698331">{{cite journal |vauthors=Starink TM, van der Veen JP, Arwert F, de Waal LP, de Lange GG, Gille JJ, Eriksson AW |title=The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=222–33 |date=March 1986 |pmid=3698331 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22431287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall JE, Abdollahian DJ, Sinard RJ |title=Thyroid disease associated with Cowden syndrome: A meta-analysis |journal=Head Neck |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=1189–94 |date=August 2013 |pmid=22431287 |doi=10.1002/hed.22971 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid251322362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref>   
**Patie<nowiki/>nts at all ages sh<nowiki/><nowiki/>ould consider an a<nowiki/>nnual [[thyroid]] examination with an [[ultrasound scan]] is recommended.<ref name="pmid10594284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harach HR, Soubeyran I, Brown A, Bonneau D, Longy M |title=Thyroid pathologic findings in patients with Cowden disease |journal=Ann Diagn Pathol |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=331–40 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10594284 |doi=10.1053/ADPA00300331 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21190448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laury AR, Bongiovanni M, Tille JC, Kozakewich H, Nosé V |title=Thyroid pathology in PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome: characteristic findings of a distinct entity |journal=Thyroid |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=135–44 |date=February 2011 |pmid=21190448 |doi=10.1089/thy.2010.0226 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3698331">{{cite journal |vauthors=Starink TM, van der Veen JP, Arwert F, de Waal LP, de Lange GG, Gille JJ, Eriksson AW |title=The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=222–33 |date=March 1986 |pmid=3698331 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22431287">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hall JE, Abdollahian DJ, Sinard RJ |title=Thyroid disease associated with Cowden syndrome: A meta-analysis |journal=Head Neck |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=1189–94 |date=August 2013 |pmid=22431287 |doi=10.1002/hed.22971 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid251322362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref>   
*'''[[Renal cancer|Renal]]'''<nowiki/> '''[[Renal cancer|cancer]]'''
*'''[[Renal cancer|Renal]]'''<nowiki/> '''[[Renal cancer|cancer]]'''
**Start<nowiki/>in<nowiki/><nowiki/>g at the age of <nowiki/><nowiki/>40<nowiki/> years, for ever<nowiki/>y 1-2 years [[ultrasound]] of should kidney should be considered.   
**Start<nowiki/>in<nowiki/><nowiki/>g at the age of <nowiki/><nowiki/>40<nowiki/> years, for ever<nowiki/>y 1-2 years [[ultrasound]] of should [[kidney]] should be considered.   
*'''[[Skin cancer|Skin]]''' <nowiki/>'''[[Skin cancer|ca]]'''<nowiki/><nowiki/>'''[[Skin cancer|ncer]]'''
*'''[[Skin cancer|Skin]]''' <nowiki/>'''[[Skin cancer|ca]]'''<nowiki/><nowiki/>'''[[Skin cancer|ncer]]'''
**[[Dermatology|Derma]]<nowiki/>[[Dermatology|to]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Dermatology|l]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Dermatology|og]]<nowiki/>[[Dermatology|ic]] screening <nowiki/><nowiki/>sh<nowiki/>o<nowiki/>uld be consider<nowiki/>ed when needed.<ref name="pmid25132236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Dermatology|Derma]]<nowiki/>[[Dermatology|to]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Dermatology|l]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Dermatology|og]]<nowiki/>[[Dermatology|ic]] [[screening]] <nowiki/><nowiki/>sh<nowiki/>o<nowiki/>uld be consider<nowiki/>ed when needed.<ref name="pmid25132236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mester J, Eng C |title=Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome |journal=J Surg Oncol |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=125–30 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25132236 |doi=10.1002/jso.23735 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Trichilemmoma|Trich]]<nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|il]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|e]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|mm]]<nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|omas]] and [[Mucocutaneous|muco]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|cu]]<nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|t]]<nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|aneous]] [[Papillomatosis|papillom]]<nowiki/>[[Papillomatosis|atous]] [[papules]] are one of the early [[dermatological]] manifestations of the [[cowden syndrome]]  and helps in early detection of the disease.
**[[Trichilemmoma|Trich]]<nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|il]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|e]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|mm]]<nowiki/>[[Trichilemmoma|omas]] and [[Mucocutaneous|muco]]<nowiki/><nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|cu]]<nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|t]]<nowiki/>[[Mucocutaneous|aneous]] [[Papillomatosis|papillom]]<nowiki/>[[Papillomatosis|atous]] [[papules]] are one of the early [[dermatological]] manifestations of the [[cowden syndrome]]  and helps in early detection of the disease.<ref name="pmid26975628">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nosé V |title=Genodermatosis Affecting the Skin and Mucosa of the Head and Neck: Clinicopathologic, Genetic, and Molecular Aspect--PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome/Cowden Syndrome |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=131–8 |date=June 2016 |pmid=26975628 |pmc=4838969 |doi=10.1007/s12105-016-0708-7 |url=}}</ref>
***   
***   
*
*

Latest revision as of 15:30, 7 March 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines, screening for cowden syndrome patients is recommended for women who are at risk for breast cancer, uterine cancer and colon cancer.

Screening

According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines, screening for cowden syndrome patients is recommended for women who are at risk for:[1]

References

  1. ↑ Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB (July 2014). "Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 9: 101. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-9-101. PMC 4112971. PMID 25022750.
  2. ↑ Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean L, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C. PMID 20301661. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Mester J, Eng C (January 2015). "Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome". J Surg Oncol. 111 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/jso.23735. PMID 25132236.
  4. ↑ FitzGerald MG, Marsh DJ, Wahrer D, Bell D, Caron S, Shannon KE, Ishioka C, Isselbacher KJ, Garber JE, Eng C, Haber DA (August 1998). "Germline mutations in PTEN are an infrequent cause of genetic predisposition to breast cancer". Oncogene. 17 (6): 727–31. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201984. PMID 9715274.
  5. ↑ Tung N, Battelli C, Allen B, Kaldate R, Bhatnagar S, Bowles K, Timms K, Garber JE, Herold C, Ellisen L, Krejdovsky J, DeLeonardis K, Sedgwick K, Soltis K, Roa B, Wenstrup RJ, Hartman AR (January 2015). "Frequency of mutations in individuals with breast cancer referred for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing using next-generation sequencing with a 25-gene panel". Cancer. 121 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1002/cncr.29010. PMID 25186627.
  6. ↑ Jelsig AM, Qvist N, Brusgaard K, Nielsen CB, Hansen TP, Ousager LB (July 2014). "Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: a review". Orphanet J Rare Dis. 9: 101. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-9-101. PMC 4112971. PMID 25022750.
  7. ↑ Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean L, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Eng C. PMID 20301661. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Nieuwenhuis MH, Kets CM, Murphy-Ryan M, Colas C, Möller P, Hes FJ, Hodgson SV, Olderode-Berends MJ, Aretz S, Heinimann K, Gomez Garcia EB, Douglas F, Spigelman A, Timshel S, Lindor NM, Vasen HF (September 2012). "Is colorectal surveillance indicated in patients with PTEN mutations?". Colorectal Dis. 14 (9): e562–6. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03121.x. PMID 22672595.
  9. ↑ Kato M, Mizuki A, Hayashi T, Kunihiro T, Nagata H, Tsukada N, Orikasa H, Morinaga S (July 2000). "Cowden's disease diagnosed through mucocutaneous lesions and gastrointestinal polyposis with recurrent hematochezia, unrevealed by initial diagnosis". Intern. Med. 39 (7): 559–63. PMID 10888212.
  10. ↑ Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, Rybicki LA, Orloff MS, Eng C (January 2012). "Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations". Clin. Cancer Res. 18 (2): 400–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2283. PMC 3261579. PMID 22252256.
  11. ↑ Harach HR, Soubeyran I, Brown A, Bonneau D, Longy M (December 1999). "Thyroid pathologic findings in patients with Cowden disease". Ann Diagn Pathol. 3 (6): 331–40. doi:10.1053/ADPA00300331. PMID 10594284.
  12. ↑ Laury AR, Bongiovanni M, Tille JC, Kozakewich H, Nosé V (February 2011). "Thyroid pathology in PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome: characteristic findings of a distinct entity". Thyroid. 21 (2): 135–44. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0226. PMID 21190448.
  13. ↑ Starink TM, van der Veen JP, Arwert F, de Waal LP, de Lange GG, Gille JJ, Eriksson AW (March 1986). "The Cowden syndrome: a clinical and genetic study in 21 patients". Clin. Genet. 29 (3): 222–33. PMID 3698331.
  14. ↑ Hall JE, Abdollahian DJ, Sinard RJ (August 2013). "Thyroid disease associated with Cowden syndrome: A meta-analysis". Head Neck. 35 (8): 1189–94. doi:10.1002/hed.22971. PMID 22431287.
  15. ↑ Mester J, Eng C (January 2015). "Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome". J Surg Oncol. 111 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/jso.23735. PMID 25132236.
  16. ↑ Mester J, Eng C (January 2015). "Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome". J Surg Oncol. 111 (1): 125–30. doi:10.1002/jso.23735. PMID 25132236.
  17. ↑ Nosé V (June 2016). "Genodermatosis Affecting the Skin and Mucosa of the Head and Neck: Clinicopathologic, Genetic, and Molecular Aspect--PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome/Cowden Syndrome". Head Neck Pathol. 10 (2): 131–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-016-0708-7. PMC 4838969. PMID 26975628.

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