Otitis media epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
The incidence for otitis media is usually high: on an annual basis, approximately 10% of the world's population will develop acute otitis media (AOM). Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) has a smaller incidence and will affect approximately 0.45% of the world's population. Children under 5 years old are the primary demographic for otitis media: 51% of the global incidence of AOM and 22.6% of the global incidence of CSOM are under 5 years old. People of Caucasian, African, and Greenlandic descent are most prone to otitis media. For children under 20 months old, males are more likely to develop otitis media due to differing rates of respiratory maturity. Otitis media is most prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. Risk factors that heighten otitis media presence in developing countries include greater cases of malnutrition, more exposure to HIV, higher chance of water contamination, and larger proportion of the populations being children under 5 years old. Fatal cases of otitis media are very rare, with the case fatality rate being approximately .003% of all otitis media cases.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The worldwide incidence of acute otitis media is estimated to be 10,000/100,000 individuals.[1]
- 51% of the incidence is in children under five years old.
- Incidences range from 3,640/100,000 in Central Europe up to 43,337/100,000 in Sub-Saharan West Africa.
- The worldwide incidence of chronic suppurative otitis media is 476/100,000 individuals worldwide.[1]
- 22.6% of the incidence is in children under five years old.
- Incidences range from 170/100,000 in Andean Latin America to Oceania with 937/100,000 individuals.
Case Fatality Rate
- The case fatality rate for otitis media is approximately .003%.[2]
Age
- The majority of otitis media patients are children under 5 years old.[1]
- Between 50 and 85% of children under 3 years old have experienced cases of otitis media.[2]
- The incidence of otitis media among children at 12 months old or younger is 46%.[3]
- This is due to smaller, less developed eustachian tubes making fluid buildup more likely, as well as weaker immune systems.[4]
- Between 50 and 85% of children under 3 years old have experienced cases of otitis media.[2]
- Chronic suppurative otitis media can persist into adulthood if not successfully treated.[5]
- Incidence of childhood otitis media is decreasing due to the advent of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV-13.[6]
Race
- People of Caucasian, African, and Greenlandic descent are most prone to otitis media.[7]
Gender
- For children under 20 months old, males are more likely to develop otitis media due to differing rates of respiratory maturation.[2]
Developing Countries
- Otitis media is most prevalent in developing countries, specifically Sub-Saharan West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.[2]
- The incidence of otitis media in the above countries is between two and eight times higher than the rest of the world.
- The following risk factors are more prevalent in developing countries, correlated to the increase in otitis media incidence:[7]
- Exposure to HIV.
- Malnutrition
- Large proportion of children under 5 years old in population.
- Higher chance of water contamination.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Monasta L, Ronfani L, Marchetti F, Montico M, Vecchi Brumatti L, Bavcar A, Grasso D, Barbiero C, Tamburlini G (2012). "Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates". PLoS ONE. 7 (4): e36226. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036226. PMC 3340347. PMID 22558393.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M (2014). "Update on otitis media - prevention and treatment". Infect Drug Resist. 7: 15–24. doi:10.2147/IDR.S39637. PMC 3894142. PMID 24453496.
- ↑ Chonmaitree T, Trujillo R, Jennings K, Alvarez-Fernandez P, Patel JA, Loeffelholz MJ, Nokso-Koivisto J, Matalon R, Pyles RB, Miller AL, McCormick DP (2016). "Acute Otitis Media and Other Complications of Viral Respiratory Infection". Pediatrics. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3555. PMID 27020793.
- ↑ "Ear Infections in Children | NIDCD".
- ↑ "www.who.int" (PDF).
- ↑ Marom T, Tan A, Wilkinson GS, Pierson KS, Freeman JL, Chonmaitree T (2014). "Trends in otitis media-related health care use in the United States, 2001-2011". JAMA Pediatr. 168 (1): 68–75. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3924. PMC 3947317. PMID 24276262.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lowy, Franklin D.; Zhang, Yan; Xu, Min; Zhang, Jin; Zeng, Lingxia; Wang, Yanfei; Zheng, Qing Yin (2014). "Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media–A Meta-Analysis". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): e86397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086397. ISSN 1932-6203.