Mitral regurgitation differential diagnosis

Jump to navigation Jump to search


Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [3]; Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[4]

Overview

The blowing holosystolic murmur of mitral regurgitation must be distinguished from tricuspid regurgitation and a ventricular septal defect.

Differentiating Mitral regurgitation from other Diseases

Differentiating Mitral regurgitation from Tricuspid Regurgitation and Ventricular Septal Defects

Physical Examination

All the three cardiac conditions have holosystolic murmur on auscultation. But they can be differentiated by characteristics of the murmur detailed below:[1]

Mitral Regurgitation Tricuspid Regurgitation VSD
  • The murmur in mitral regurgitation is high pitched and best heard at the apex with diaphragm of the stethoscope with patient in the lateral decubitus position.
  • Left ventricular function can be assessed by determining the apical impulse.
  • A normal or hyperdynamic apical impulse suggests good ejection fraction and primary mitral regurgitation.
  • A displaced and sustained apical impulse suggests decreased ejection fraction and chronic and severe mitral regurgitation.
  • The holosystolic murmur can be best heard over the left third and fourth intercostal spaces and along the sternal border.
  • When the shunt becomes reversed ("Eisenmenger's syndrome"), the murmur may be absent and S2 can become markedly accentuated and single.

Echocardiography

The above three cardiac conditions can also be differentiated more definitively using echocardiography where the echogenicity of blood flow across the defective valves or septum can be visualized and the severity can be quantified.

Mitral regurgitation must be differentiated from the following:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Diseases History Symptoms Physical Examination Murmur Diagnosis Other Findings
ECG CXR Echocardiogram Cardiac Catheterization
Mitral Stenosis
  • Age ( Mitral annular calcification in older patients)
  • Mitral facies
  • Heart murmur
  • Apical impulse displaced laterally or not palpable
  • Diastolic thrill at the apex
  • Signs of heart failure in severe cases
  • Diastolic murmur
  • Low pitched
  • Opening snap followed by decrescendo-crescendo rumbling murmur
  • Best heard with the bell of the stethoscope at apex at end-expiration in left lateral decubitus position
  • Intensity increases after a valsalva maneuver, after exercise and after increased after load (eg., squatting, isometric hand grip)
  • Right ventricular hypertropy: Dominant R wave in V1 and V2
  • Straightening of the left border of the heart suggestive of enlargement of the left atrium
  • Double right heart border (Enlarged left atrium and normal right atrium)
  • Prominent left atrial appendage
  • Reduced valve leaflet mobility
  • Valve calcification
  • Doming of mitral valve
  • Valve thickening
  • Enlargement of left atrium
Right heart catheterization:

Left heart catheterization:

  • Pressures in left ventricle
  • Determines the gradient between the left and right atrium during ventricular diastole (marker of the severity of mitral stenosis)
Mitral Regurgitation
  • Trauma
  • Symptoms of heart failure in severe cases
Palpation
  • Brisk carotid upstroke and hyperdymanic carotid impulse on palpation
  • Apical impulse is displaced to left
  • S3 and a palpable thrill

Auscultation

  • Murmur
  • High pitched, blowing
  • Radiates to axilla
  • Best heard with the diaphragm of the stethoscope at apex in left lateral decubitus position
  • Intensity increases with hand grip or squatting
Acute MR

Chronic MR

  • Enlarged cardiac silhouette
  • Straightening of left heart border
  • Splaying of subcarinal angle
  • Calcification of mitral annulus
  • Double right heart border
  • Enlargement of left atrium and ventricle
  • Identify valve abnormality
  • Valve calcification
  • Severity of regurgitation
  • Grading of MR is done with left ventriculography
Atrial septal defect
  • Frequent respiratory or lung infections
  • Dyspnea
  • Tiring when feeding (Infants)
  • Shortness of breath on exertion
  • Palpitations
  • Swelling of feet
Inspection
  • Precordial bulge
  • Precordial lift

Palpation

  • Right ventricular impulse
  • Pulmonary artery pulsations
  • Thrill

Auscultation

  • Murmur
  • Midsystolic (ejection systolic) murmur
  • Widely split, fixed S2
  • Upper left sternal border
  • Increased pulmonary markings
  • Cardiomegaly
  • Triangular appearance of heart
  • Schimitar sign
Left Atrial Myxoma
  • Symptoms may mimic mitral stenosis
Skin

Auscultation:

  • Lung: Fine crepitations
  • Heart: Characteristic "tumor plop"
  • Early diastolic sound as "tumor plop"
  • Low frequency diastolic murmur may be heard if the tumor obstructing mitral valve
  • Often normal
  • Often normal

Rare findings:

  • cardiomegaly
  • Left atrial enlargement
  • tumor calcification etc.,
  • Useful to detect vascular supply of the tumor by the coronary arteries
  • Associated with Carney complex (genetic predisposition)
Prosthetic Valve Obstruction
  • History of valve replacement
  • Systemic embolism
  • Shortness of breath
  • Fatigue
Ausculation

Muffling of murmur

  • Muffling or disappearance of prosthetic sounds
  • Appearance of new regurgitant or obstructive murmur
  • Degree of stenosis
  • Assess thrombus size and location
  • Differentiate between thrombus, pannus and vegetations
Causes:
  • Thrombus
  • Pannus formation
Cor Triatriatum
  • Dsypnea on exertion
  • Orthopnea
  • Tachypnea
  • Palpitations
  • Growth failure
Auscultation
  • Murmur

Other findings

  • Signs of heart failure
  • Diastolic murmur with loud P2
  • No opening snap or a loud S1
Non specific but may have
  • Normal cardiac silhouette
  • Hemodynamic changes similar to mitral stenosis (non specific findings)
  • Direct visualization of membrane through the atrium
  • +/- visualization of accessory chamber
  • Normal left ventricular hemodynamic profile with a trans atrial gradient
Types
  • Cor triatriatum sinistrum
  • Cor triatriatum dextrum
Congenital Mitral Stenosis
  • Respiratory distress shortly after birth
  • Recurrent severe pulmonary infections
  • Other associated congenital cardiovascular anamolies
  • Atrial fibrillation

Infants:

  • Exhaustion and sweating on feeding
  • Rapid breathing
  • Failure to thrive
  • Pulmonary infections
  • Chronic cough

Older patients:

  • Dyspnea
  • Orthopnea
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
  • Peripheral edema
  • Fatigue
Auscultation
  • Murmur

Other findings

  • Signs of heart failure
Mild-Moderate
  • Loud S1
  • Loud P2
  • Low frequency diastolic murmur best heard at the apex

Severe

  • Soft S1
  • Loud pulmonic component of S2 with minimal respiratory splitting of S2
  • Holodiastolic murmur with presystolic accentuation best heard at the apex
  • Early diastolic murmur of pulmonic valve regurgitation
  • Sharp P waves in leads I and II
  • Inversion of P wave in lead III
  • Marked Q waves in leads II and III
  • Left atrial dilation
  • Moderate enlargement of right heart
  • Pulmonary venous congestion
  • Esophageal compression
  • Reduced valve leaflet mobility
  • Left atrial size
  • Severity of mitral stenosis
Very rare condition
Supravalvular Ring Mitral Stenosis
  • Other associated congenital heart defects
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent respiratory infections
  • Failure to thrive
  • Poor feeding
  • Precocious congestive heart failure
  • Shortness of breath
  • Tachypnea
  • Dyspnea
  • Nocturnal cough
  • Heamoptysis
  • Syncope
Auscultation:

Lungs: Fine, crepitant rales and rhonchi or wheezes may be present

Heart: Murmur

  • An apical mid diastolic murmur with presystolic accentuation
  • No opening snap
  • The murmur is more prominent if associated with VSD or PDA
  • Left atrial and ventricular enlargement
  • Alveolar edema
Supramitral ring:
  • Associated with normal mitral valve apparatus

Intramitral ring:

  • Hypomobility of the posterior leaflet
  • Reduced interpapillary muscle distance
  • Reduced chordal length
  • Dominant papillary muscle
  • Hypoplastic mitral annulus

(Difficult to visualize membrane <1mm in size)

  • Persistently elevated pulmonary venous pressures
  • Increased pulmonary artery pressure
Types
  • Supramitral
  • Intramitral

It is attached between the opening of the atrial appendage and the mitral annulus which helps in differentiating with Cor triatriatum sinister.

  • Intramitral type is associated with shone complex

References

  1. Sanders CA, Armstrong PW, Willerson JT, Dinsmore RE (1971). "Etiology and differential diagnosis of acute mitral regurgitation". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 14 (2): 129–52. PMID 4256649.
  2. Nassar PN, Hamdan RH (2011). "Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum: Classification and Imaging Modalities". Eur J Cardiovasc Med. 1 (3): 84–87. doi:10.5083/ejcm.20424884.21. PMC 3286827. PMID 22379596.
  3. Roudaut R, Serri K, Lafitte S (2007). "Thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves: diagnosis and therapeutic considerations". Heart. 93 (1): 137–42. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.071183. PMC 1861363. PMID 17170355.
  4. Apostolakis EE, Baikoussis NG (2009). "Methods of estimation of mitral valve regurgitation for the cardiac surgeon". J Cardiothorac Surg. 4: 34. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-4-34. PMC 2723095. PMID 19604402.
  5. Alboliras ET, Edwards WD, Driscoll DJ, Seward JB (1987). "Cor triatriatum dexter: two-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 9 (2): 334–7. PMID 3805524.
  6. Gibson DG, Honey M, Lennox SC (1974). "Cor triatriatum. Diagnosis by echocardiography". Br Heart J. 36 (8): 835–8. PMC 458901. PMID 4412638.
  7. Cor triatrium https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cor-triatriatum (2016) Accessed on November 29, 2016
  8. Sosland RP, Vacek JL, Gorton ME (2007). "Congenital mitral stenosis: a rare presentation and novel approach to management". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 133 (2): 572–3. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.10.025. PMID 17258606.
  9. Driscoll DJ, Gutgesell HP, McNamara DG (1978). "Echocardiographic features of congenital mitral stenosis". Am J Cardiol. 42 (2): 259–66. PMID 685838.
  10. Bonou M, Lampropoulos K, Barbetseas J (2012). "Prosthetic heart valve obstruction: thrombolysis or surgical treatment?". Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 1 (2): 122–7. doi:10.1177/2048872612451169. PMC 3760527. PMID 24062899.
  11. Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO (2010). "Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management". Mayo Clin Proc. 85 (5): 483–500. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0706. PMC 2861980. PMID 20435842.
  12. DEXTER L (1956). "Atrial septal defect". Br Heart J. 18 (2): 209–25. PMC 479579. PMID 13315850.
  13. Webb G, Gatzoulis MA (2006). "Atrial septal defects in the adult: recent progress and overview". Circulation. 114 (15): 1645–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.592055. PMID 17030704.
  14. Geva T, Martins JD, Wald RM (2014). "Atrial septal defects". Lancet. 383 (9932): 1921–32. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62145-5. PMID 24725467.
  15. Demir M, Akpinar O, Acarturk E (2005). "Atrial myxoma: an unusual cause of myocardial infarction". Tex Heart Inst J. 32 (3): 445–7. PMC 1336732. PMID 16392241.
  16. MacGowan SW, Sidhu P, Aherne T, Luke D, Wood AE, Neligan MC; et al. (1993). "Atrial myxoma: national incidence, diagnosis and surgical management". Ir J Med Sci. 162 (6): 223–6. PMID 8407260.
  17. Circulation http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/119/7/1034 (2016) Accessed on December 7, 2016
  18. Alphonso N, Nørgaard MA, Newcomb A, d'Udekem Y, Brizard CP, Cochrane A (2005). "Cor triatriatum: presentation, diagnosis and long-term surgical results". Ann Thorac Surg. 80 (5): 1666–71. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.04.055. PMID 16242436.
  19. circulation http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/36/1/101 (1967) Accessed on 7 December, 2016
  20. Moore P, Adatia I, Spevak PJ, Keane JF, Perry SB, Castaneda AR; et al. (1994). "Severe congenital mitral stenosis in infants". Circulation. 89 (5): 2099–106. PMID 8181134.
  21. Uva MS, Galletti L, Gayet FL, Piot D, Serraf A, Bruniaux J; et al. (1995). "Surgery for congenital mitral valve disease in the first year of life". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 109 (1): 164–74, discussion 174-6. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70432-9. PMID 7815793.
  22. Banerjee A, Kohl T, Silverman NH (1995). "Echocardiographic evaluation of congenital mitral valve anomalies in children". Am J Cardiol. 76 (17): 1284–91. PMID 7503011.
  23. Sullivan ID, Robinson PJ, de Leval M, Graham TP (1986). "Membranous supravalvular mitral stenosis: a treatable form of congenital heart disease". J Am Coll Cardiol. 8 (1): 159–64. PMID 3711511.
  24. Subramaniam V, Herle A, Mohammed N, Thahir M (2011). "Ortner's syndrome: case series and literature review". Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 77 (5): 559–62. PMID 22030961.

Template:WH Template:WS