Azilsartan kamedoxomil and chlorthalidone
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sheng Shi, M.D. [2]
Synonyms / Brand Names: Edarbyclor®
Disclaimer
WikiDoc Drug Project is a constellation of drug information for healthcare providers and patients vigorously vetted on the basis of FDA package insert, MedlinePlus, Practice Guidelines, Scientific Statements, and scholarly medical literature. The information provided is not a medical advice or treatment. WikiDoc does not promote any medication or off-label use of drugs. Please read our full disclaimer here.
Black Box Warning
|
WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue EDARBYCLOR as soon as possible (5.1)• Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus: (Content) |
Overview
Azilsartan is a selective AT1 subtype angiotensin II receptor antagonist used in treatment of hypertension to lower blood pressure. Common adverse reactions include diarrhea. The most common adverse event leading to discontinuation is hypotension/orthostatic hypotension.
Adult Indications and Dosage
FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
Hypertension
- Dosing Information
- starting dose: 40/12.5 mg PO qd
- after 2 to 4 weeks: 40/25 mg mg PO qd
Edarbyclor may be used to provide additional blood pressure lowering for patients not adequately controlled on ARB or diuretic monotherapy treatment. Patients not controlled with azilsartan medoxomil 80 mg may have an additional systolic / diastolic clinic blood pressure reduction of 13/6 mm Hg when switched to Edarbyclor 40/12.5 mg. Patients not controlled with chlorthalidone 25 mg may have an additional clinic blood pressure reduction of 10/7 mm Hg when switched to Edarbyclor 40/12.5 mg.
Edarbyclor may be used as initial therapy if a patient is likely to need multiple drugs to achieve blood pressure goals.
Patients titrated to the individual components (azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone) may instead receive the corresponding dose of Edarbyclor.
Edarbyclor may be taken with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Edarbyclor may be administered with other antihypertensive agents as needed.
- Prior to Dosing
- Correct any volume depletion prior to administration of Edarbyclor, particularly in patients with impaired renal function or those treated with high doses of diuretics[seeWarnings and Precautions (5.2)].
- Patients who experience dose-limiting adverse reactions on chlorthalidone may be switched to Edarbyclor, initially with a lower dose of chlorthalidone [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
- Handling Instructions
- As Edarbyclor is moisture sensitive, dispense and store Edarbyclor in its original container to protect Edarbyclor from light and moisture.
Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)
Pediatric Indications and Dosage
Safety and effectiveness of Edarbyclor in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established.
Contraindications
- Edarbyclor is contraindicated in patients with anuria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
- Do not coadministeraliskiren with Edarbyclor in patients with diabetes [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Warnings
Fetal Toxicity
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
- Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Edarbyclor as soon as possible [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
- Thiazides cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. Adverse reactions include fetal or neonatal jaundice and thrombocytopenia.
Hypotension in Volume- or Salt-Depleted Patients
- In patients with an activated renin-angiotensin system, such as volume- or salt-depleted patients (e.g., those being treated with high doses of diuretics), symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of treatment with Edarbyclor. Such patients are probably not good candidates to start therapy with more than one drug; therefore, correct volume prior to administration of Edarbyclor. If hypotension does occur, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, given an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further treatment, which usually can be continued without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized.
Impaired Renal Function
- Edarbyclor
- Monitor for worsening renal function in patients with renal impairment. Consider withholding or discontinuing Edarbyclor if progressive renal impairment becomes evident.
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
：* As a consequence of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals treated with Edarbyclor. In patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., patients with severe congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis, or volume depletion), treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers has been associated with oliguria or progressive azotemia and rarely with acute renal failure and death. Similar results may be anticipated in patients treated with Edarbyclor [see Drug Interactions (7), Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
：* In studies of ACE inhibitors in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, increases in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen have been reported. There has been no long-term use of azilsartan medoxomil in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, but similar results are expected.
：* In patients with renal disease, chlorthalidone may precipitate azotemia. If progressive renal impairment becomes evident, as indicated by increased blood urea nitrogen, consider withholding or discontinuing diuretic therapy.
Hypokalemia
：* Hypokalemia is a dose-dependent adverse reaction that may develop with chlorthalidone. Co-administration of digitalis may exacerbate the adverse effects of hypokalemia.
：* Edarbyclor attenuates chlorthalidone-associated hypokalemia. In patients with normal potassium levels at baseline, 1.7% of Edarbyclor-treated patients, 0.9% of azilsartan medoxomil-treated patients, and 13.4% of chlorthalidone-treated patients shifted to low potassium values (less than 3.4 mmol/L).
Hyperuricemia
：* Hyperuricemia may occur or frank gout may be precipitated in certain patients receiving chlorthalidone or other thiazide diuretics.
Adverse Reactions
The following potential adverse reactions with Edarbyclor, azilsartan medoxomil, or chlorthalidone and similar agents are included in more detail in the Warnings and Precautions section of the label:
- Fetal toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
- Hypotension in Volume- or Salt-Depleted Patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
- Impaired Renal Function [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
- Hypokalemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
- Hyperuricemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Edarbyclor has been evaluated for safety in more than 3900 patients with hypertension; more than 700 patients were treated for at least 6 months and more than 280 for at least 1 year. Adverse reactions have generally been mild and transient in nature.
Common adverse reactions that occurred in the 8-week factorial design trial in at least 2% of Edarbyclor-treated patients and greater than azilsartan medoxomil or chlorthalidone are presented in Table 1.
 |
Hypotension and syncope were reported in 1.7% and 0.3%, respectively, of patients treated with Edarbyclor. Study discontinuation because of adverse reactions occurred in 8.3% of patients treated with the recommended doses of Edarbyclor compared with 3.2% of patients treated with azilsartan medoxomil and 3.2% of patients treated with [[chlorthalidone]]. The most common reasons for discontinuation of therapy with Edarbyclor were serum creatinine increased (3.6%) and dizziness (2.3%).
The adverse reaction profile obtained from 52 weeks of open-label combination therapy with azilsartan medoxomil plus chlorthalidone or Edarbyclor was similar to that observed during the double-blind, active controlled trials.
In 3 double-blind, active controlled, titration studies, in which Edarbyclor was titrated to higher doses in a step-wise manner, adverse reactions and discontinuations for adverse events were less frequent than in the fixed-dose factorial trial.
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
A total of 4814 patients were evaluated for safety when treated with azilsartan medoxomil at doses of 20, 40 or 80 mg in clinical trials. This includes 1704 patients treated for at least 6 months, of these, 588 were treated for at least 1 year. Generally, adverse reactions were mild, not dose related and similar regardless of age, gender and race.
Adverse reactions with a plausible relationship to treatment that have been reported with an incidence of ≥0.3% and greater than placebo in more than 3300 patients treated with azilsartan medoxomil in controlled trials are listed below:
Gastrointestinal Disorders: diarrhea, nausea General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions: asthenia, fatigue Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: muscle spasm Nervous System Disorders: dizziness, dizziness postural Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders: cough
The following adverse reactions have been observed in clinical trials of chlorthalidone: rash, headache, dizziness, GI upset, and elevations of uric acid and cholesterol.
- Clinical Laboratory Findings with Edarbyclor
In the factorial design trial, clinically relevant changes in standard laboratory parameters were uncommon with administration of the recommended doses of Edarbyclor.
- Renal parameters:
Increased blood creatinine is a known pharmacologic effect of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers, such as ARBs and ACE inhibitors, and is related to the magnitude of blood pressure reduction. The incidence of consecutive increases of creatinine ≥50% from baseline and >ULN was 2.0% in patients treated with the recommended doses of Edarbyclor compared with 0.4% and 0.3% with azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone, respectively. Elevations of creatinine were typically transient, or non-progressive and reversible, and associated with large blood pressure reductions.
Mean increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed with Edarbyclor (5.3 mg/dL) compared with azilsartan medoxomil (1.5 mg/dL) and with chlorthalidone (2.5 mg/dL).
Drug Interactions
- Edarbyclor
The pharmacokinetics of azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone are not altered when the drugs are co-administered.
No drug interaction studies have been conducted with other drugs and Edarbyclor, although studies have been conducted with azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone.
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed in studies of azilsartan medoxomil or azilsartan given with amlodipine, antacids, chlorthalidone, digoxin, fluconazole, glyburide, ketoconazole, metformin, pioglitazone, and warfarin. Therefore, azilsartan medoxomil may be used concomitantly with these medications.
- Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents including Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors)
In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or who have compromised renal function, co-administration of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including azilsartan, may result in deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Monitor renal function periodically in patients receiving Edarbyclor and NSAID therapy.
The antihypertensive effect of Edarbyclor may be attenuated by NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors.
- Dual Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
Dual blockade of the RAS with angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, or aliskiren is associated with increased risks of hypotension, hyperkalemia, and changes in renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to monotherapy. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes in patients on Edarbyclor and other agents that affect the RAS.
Do not coadminister aliskiren with Edarbyclor in patients with diabetes. Avoid use of aliskiren with Edarbyclor in patients with renal impairment (GFR <60 mL/min).
Lithium renal clearance is reduced by diuretics, such as chlorthalidone, increasing the risk of lithium toxicity. Consider monitoring lithium levels when using Edarbyclor.
Use in Specific Populations
Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Category (AUS): Azilsartan kamedoxomil and chlorthalidone is not included in Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Categories.
Use of drugs that affect the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Edarbyclor as soon as possible. These adverse outcomes are usually associated with use of these drugs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system from other antihypertensive agents. Appropriate management of maternal hypertension during pregnancy is important to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus.
In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to therapy with drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system for a particular patient, apprise the mother of the potential risk to the fetus. Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amniotic environment. If oligohydramnios is observed, discontinue Edarbyclor, unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. Closely observe infants with histories of in utero exposure to Edarbyclor for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
Labor and Delivery
FDA Package Insert for Azilsartan Medoxomil /chlorthalidone contains no information regarding Labor and Delivery.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known if azilsartan is excreted in human milk, but azilsartan is excreted at low concentrations in the milk of lactating rats and thiazide-like diuretics like chlorthalidone are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of Edarbyclor in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established.
Neonates with a history of in utero exposure to Edarbyclor: If oliguria or hypotension occurs, support blood pressure and renal function. Exchange transfusions or dialysis may be required.
Geriatric Use
No dose adjustment with Edarbyclor is necessary in elderly patients. Of the total patients in clinical studies with Edarbyclor, 24% were elderly (65 years of age or older); 5.7% were 75 years and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly patients and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Gender
FDA Package Insert for Azilsartan Medoxomil /chlorthalidone contains no information regarding Labor and Delivery.
Race
FDA Package Insert for Azilsartan Medoxomil /chlorthalidone contains no information regarding Labor and Delivery.
Renal Impairment
- Edarbyclor
- Safety and effectiveness of Edarbyclor in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) have not been established. No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild (eGFR 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2) or moderate (eGFR 30-60 mL/min/1.73 m2) renal impairment.
- Chlorthalidone may precipitate azotemia.
Hepatic Impairment
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
- No dose adjustment is necessary for subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Azilsartan medoxomil has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
- Minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with the combination of azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone. However, these studies have been conducted for azilsartan medoxomil alone.
Carcinogenesis: Azilsartan medoxomil was not carcinogenic when assessed in 26-week transgenic (Tg.rasH2) mouse and 2-year rat studies. The highest doses tested (450 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day in the mouse and 600 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day in the rat) produced exposures to azilsartan that are 12 (mice) and 27 (rats) times the average exposure to azilsartan in humans given the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD, 80 mg azilsartan medoxomil/day). M-II was not carcinogenic when assessed in 26-week Tg.rasH2 mouse and 2-year rat studies. The highest doses tested (approximately 8000 mg M-II/kg/day (males) and 11,000 mg M-II/kg/day (females) in the mouse and 1000 mg M-II/kg/day (males) and up to 3000 mg M-II/kg/day (females) in the rat) produced exposures that are, on average, about 30 (mice) and 7 (rats) times the average exposure to M-II in humans at the MRHD.
Mutagenesis: Azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan, and M-II were positive for structural aberrations in the Chinese Hamster Lung Cytogenic Assay. In this assay, structural chromosomal aberrations were observed with the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil, without metabolic activation. The active moiety, azilsartan, was also positive in this assay both with and without metabolic activation. The major human metabolite, M-II was also positive in this assay during a 24-hr assay without metabolic activation.
Azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan, and M-II were devoid of genotoxic potential in the Ames reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, thein vitro Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell forward mutation assay, the in vitro mouse lymphoma (tk) gene mutation test, the ex vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis test, and thein vivo mouse and/or rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.
Impairment of Fertility: There was no effect of azilsartan medoxomil on the fertility of male or female rats at oral doses of up to 1000 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day [6000 mg/m2 (approximately 122 times the MRHD of 80 mg azilsartan medoxomil/60 kg on a mg/m2 basis)]. Fertility of rats also was unaffected at doses of up to 3000 mg M-II/kg/day.
Immunocompromised Patients
FDA Package Insert for Azilsartan Medoxomil /chlorthalidone contains no information regarding Immunocompromised Patients.
Miscellaneous
FDA Package Insert for Azilsartan Medoxomil /chlorthalidone contains no information regarding Labor and Delivery.
Administration and Monitoring
Administration
Oral
- Prior to Dosing
- Correct any volume depletion prior to administration of Edarbyclor, particularly in patients with impaired renal function or those treated with high doses of diuretics [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.2)].
- Patients who experience dose-limiting adverse reactions on chlorthalidone may be switched to Edarbyclor, initially with a lower dose of chlorthalidone [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
- Handling Instructions
- As Edarbyclor is moisture sensitive, dispense and store Edarbyclor in its original container to protect Edarbyclor from light and moisture.
Monitoring
Renal Impairment
Inform patients with renal impairment that they should receive periodic blood tests to monitor their renal function while taking Edarbyclor.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents including Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors)
Monitor renal function periodically in patients receiving Edarbyclor and NSAID therapy.
Dual Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes in patients on Edarbyclor and other agents that affect the RAS.
Chlorthalidone
Consider monitoring lithium levels when using Edarbyclor.
IV Compatibility
Overdosage
Limited data are available related to overdosage in humans.
Azilsartanmedoxomil
Limited data are available related to overdosage in humans. During controlled clinical trials in healthy subjects, once daily doses up to 320 mg of azilsartan medoxomil were administered for 7 days and were well tolerated. In the event of an overdose, supportive therapy should be instituted as dictated by the patient's clinical status. Azilsartan is not dialyzable.
Chlorthalidone
Symptoms of acute overdosage include nausea, weakness, dizziness, and disturbances of electrolyte balance. The oral LD50 of the drug in the mouse and the rat is more than 25,000 mg/kg body weight. The minimum lethal dose (MLD) in humans has not been established. There is no specific antidote, but gastric lavage is recommended, followed by supportive treatment. Where necessary, this may include intravenous dextrose-saline with potassium, administered with caution.
Pharmacology
Azilsartan kamedoxomil and chlorthalidone
| |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| ? | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | ? |
| ATC code | ? |
| PubChem | ? |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | ? |
| Mol. mass | ? |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | ? |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | ? |
Mechanism of Action
The active ingredients of Edarbyclor target two separate mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation. Azilsartan blocks the vasoconstriction and sodium retaining effects of angiotensin II on cardiac, vascular smooth muscle, adrenal and renal cells. chlorthalidone produces diuresis with increased excretion of sodium and chloride at the cortical diluting segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop of the nephron.
Azilsartanmedoxomil
Angiotensin II is formed from [[angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, kinase II). Angiotensin II is the principle pressor agent of the renin-angiotensin system, with effects that include vasoconstriction, stimulation of synthesis and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium. Azilsartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor in many tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland. Its action is, therefore, independent of the pathway for angiotensin II synthesis.
An AT2 receptor is also found in many tissues, but this receptor is not known to be associated with cardiovascular homeostasis. Azilsartan has more than a 10,000-fold greater affinity for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor.
Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with ACE inhibitors, which inhibit the biosynthesis of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, is widely used in the treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitors also inhibit the degradation of bradykinin, a reaction catalyzed by ACE. Because azilsartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase II), it should not affect bradykinin levels. Whether this difference has clinical relevance is not yet known. Azilsartan does not bind to or block other receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
Blockade of the angiotensin II receptor inhibits the negative regulatory feedback of angiotensin II on renin secretion, but the resulting increased plasma renin activity and angiotensin II circulating levels do not overcome the effect of azilsartan on blood pressure.
Chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone produces diuresis with increased excretion of sodium and chloride. The site of action appears to be the cortical diluting segment of the ascending limb of Henle's loop of the nephron. The diuretic effects of chlorthalildone lead to decreased extracellular fluid volume, plasma volume, cardiac output, total exchangeable sodium, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow. Although the mechanism of action of chlorthalidone and related drugs is not wholly clear, sodium and water depletion appear to provide a basis for its antihypertensive effect.
Structure
The potassium salt of azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan kamedoxomil, is chemically described as (5-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl 2-ethoxy-1-{[2'-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate monopotassium salt. Its empirical formula is C30H23KN4O8.
chlorthalidone is chemically described as 2-chloro-5(1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1- isoindolinyl) benzenesulfonamide. Its empirical formula is C14H11ClN2O4S.
The structural formula for azilsartan medoxomil is
 |
The structural formula for chlorthalidone is
 |
Azilsartan kamedoxomil is a white to nearly white powder with a molecular weight of 606.62. It is practically insoluble in water and freely soluble in methanol.
chlorthalidone is a white to yellowish white powder with a molecular weight of 338.76. chlorthalidone is practically insoluble in water, in ether, and in chloroform; soluble in methanol; slightly soluble in ethanol.
Pharmacodynamics
Edarbyclor
Edarbyclor tablets have been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure. Both azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance but through complementary mechanisms.
Azilsartanmedoxomil
Azilsartan inhibits the pressor effects of an angiotensin II infusion in a dose-related manner. An azilsartan single dose equivalent to 32 mg azilsartan medoxomil inhibited the maximal pressor effect by approximately 90% at peak, and approximately 60% at 24 hours. Plasma angiotensin I and II concentrations and plasma renin activity increased while plasma aldosterone concentrations decreased after single and repeated administration of azilsartan medoxomil to healthy subjects; no clinically significant effects on serum potassium or sodium were observed.
chlorthalidone
The diuretic effect of chlorthalidone occurs in approximately 2.6 hours and continues for up to 72 hours.
Pharmacokinetics
Edarbyclor
Following oral administration of Edarbyclor, peak plasma concentrations of azilsartan and chlorthalidone are reached at 3 and 1 hours, respectively. The rate (Cmax and Tmax) and extent (AUC) of absorption of azilsartan are similar when it is administered alone or with chlorthalidone. The extent (AUC) of absorption of chlorthalidone is similar when it is administered alone or with azilsartan medoxomil; however, the Cmax of chlorthalidone from Edarbyclor was 47% higher. The elimination half-lives of azilsartan and chlorthalidone are approximately 12 hours and 45 hours, respectively.
There is no clinically significant effect of food on the bioavailability of Edarbyclor.
Azilsartanmedoxomil
Absorption: Azilsartan medoxomil is rapidly hydrolyzed to azilsartan, the active metabolite, in the gastrointestinal tract during absorption. Azilsartan medoxomil is not detected in plasma after oral administration. Dose proportionality in exposure was established for azilsartan in the azilsartan medoxomil dose range of 20 mg to 320 mg after single or multiple dosing.
The estimated absolute bioavailability of azilsartan following administration of azilsartan medoxomil is approximately 60%. After oral administration of azilsartan medoxomil, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of azilsartan are reached within 1.5 to 3 hours. Food does not affect the bioavailability of azilsartan.
Distribution
Azilsartanmedoxomil: The volume of distribution of azilsartan is approximately 16L. Azilsartan is highly bound to human plasma proteins (>99%), mainly serum albumin. Protein binding is constant at azilsartan plasma concentrations well above the range achieved with recommended doses.
In rats, minimal azilsartan-associated radioactivity crossed the blood-brain barrier. Azilsartan passed across the placental barrier in pregnant rats and was distributed to the fetus.
Chlorthalidone: In whole blood, chlorthalidone is predominantly bound to erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. In the plasma, approximately 75% of chlorthalidone is bound to plasma proteins, 58% of the drug being bound to albumin.
Metabolism and Elimination
Azilsartanmedoxomil: Azilsartan is metabolized to two primary metabolites. The major metabolite in plasma is formed by O-dealkylation, referred to as metabolite M-II, and the minor metabolite is formed by decarboxylation, referred to as metabolite M-I. Systemic exposures to the major and minor metabolites in humans were approximately 50% and less than 1% of azilsartan, respectively. M-I and M-II do not contribute to the pharmacologic activity of azilsartan medoxomil. The major enzyme responsible for azilsartan metabolism is CYP2C9.
Following an oral dose of 14C-labeled azilsartan medoxomil, approximately 55% of radioactivity was recovered in feces and approximately 42% in urine, with 15% of the dose excreted in urine as azilsartan. The elimination half-life of azilsartan is approximately 11 hours and renal clearance is approximately 2.3 mL/min. Steady-state levels of azilsartan are achieved within 5 days and no accumulation in plasma occurs with repeated once-daily dosing.
Chlorthalidone: The major portion of the drug is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Nonrenal routes of elimination have yet to be clarified. Data are not available regarding percentage of dose as unchanged drug and metabolites, concentration of the drug in body fluids, degree of uptake by a particular organ or in the fetus, or passage across the blood-brain barrier.
Special Populations
Azilsartanmedoxomil: The effect of demographic and functional factors on the pharmacokinetics of azilsartan was studied in single and multiple dose studies. Pharmacokinetic measures indicating the magnitude of the effect on azilsartan are presented in Figure 2 as change relative to reference (test/reference).
|
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or fertility studies have been conducted with the combination of azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone. However, these studies have been conducted for azilsartan medoxomil alone.
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
- Carcinogenesis: Azilsartan medoxomil was not carcinogenic when assessed in 26-week transgenic (Tg.rasH2) mouse and 2-year rat studies. The highest doses tested (450 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day in the mouse and 600 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day in the rat) produced exposures to azilsartan that are 12 (mice) and 27 (rats) times the average exposure to azilsartan in humans given the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD, 80 mg azilsartan medoxomil/day). M-II was not carcinogenic when assessed in 26-week Tg.rasH2 mouse and 2-year rat studies. The highest doses tested (approximately 8000 mg M-II/kg/day (males) and 11,000 mg M-II/kg/day (females) in the mouse and 1000 mg M-II/kg/day (males) and up to 3000 mg M-II/kg/day (females) in the rat) produced exposures that are, on average, about 30 (mice) and 7 (rats) times the average exposure to M-II in humans at the MRHD.
- Mutagenesis: Azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan, and M-II were positive for structural aberrations in the Chinese Hamster Lung Cytogenic Assay. In this assay, structural chromosomal aberrations were observed with the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil, without metabolic activation. The active moiety, azilsartan, was also positive in this assay both with and without metabolic activation. The major human metabolite, M-II was also positive in this assay during a 24-hr assay without metabolic activation.
- Azilsartan medoxomil, azilsartan, and M-II were devoid of genotoxic potential in the Ames reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, thein vitro Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell forward mutation assay, the in vitro mouse lymphoma (tk) gene mutation test, the ex vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis test, and thein vivo mouse and/or rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.
- Impairment of Fertility: There was no effect of azilsartan medoxomil on the fertility of male or female rats at oral doses of up to 1000 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day [6000 mg/m2 (approximately 122 times the MRHD of 80 mg azilsartan medoxomil/60 kg on a mg/m2 basis)]. Fertility of rats also was unaffected at doses of up to 3000 mg M-II/kg/day.
Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
- Edarbyclor
- The safety profiles of azilsartan medoxomil and chlorthalidone monotherapy have been individually established. To characterize the toxicological profile for Edarbyclor, a 13-week repeat-dose toxicity study was conducted in rats. The results of this study indicated that the combined administration of azilsartan medoxomil, M-II, and chlorthalidone resulted in increased exposures to chlorthalidone. Pharmacologically-mediated toxicity, including suppression of body weight gain and decreased food consumption in male rats, and increases in blood urea nitrogen in both sexes, was enhanced by coadministration of azilsartan medoxomil, M-II, and chlorthalidone. With the exception of these findings, there were no toxicologically synergistic effects in this study.
- In an embryo-fetal developmental study in rats, there was no teratogenicity or increase in fetal mortality in the litters of dams receiving azilsartan medoxomil, M-II and chlorthalidone concomitantly at maternally toxic doses.
- Azilsartanmedoxomil
- Reproductive Toxicology: In peri- and postnatal rat development studies, adverse effects on pup viability, delayed incisor eruption and dilatation of the renal pelvis along with hydronephrosis were seen when azilsartan medoxomil was administered to pregnant and nursing rats at 1.2 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis. Reproductive toxicity studies indicated that azilsartan medoxomil was not teratogenic when administered at oral doses up to 1000 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day to pregnant rats (122 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis) or up to 50 mg azilsartan medoxomil/kg/day to pregnant rabbits (12 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis). M-II also was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits at doses up to 3000 mg M-II/kg/day. Azilsartan crossed the placenta and was found in the fetuses of pregnant rats and was excreted into the milk of lactating rats.
- Reproductive toxicology: Reproduction studies have been performed in the rat and the rabbit at doses up to 420 times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus. Thiazides cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood.
- Pharmacology: Biochemical studies in animals have suggested reasons for the prolonged effect of chlorthalidone. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is slow because of its low solubility. After passage to the liver, some of the drug enters the general circulation, while some is excreted in the bile, to be reabsorbed later. In the general circulation, it is distributed widely to the tissue, but is taken up in highest concentrations by the kidneys, where amounts have been found 72 hours after ingestion, long after it has disappeared from other tissues. The drug is excreted unchanged in the urine.
Clinical Studies
The antihypertensive effects of Edarbyclor have been demonstrated in a total of 5 randomized controlled studies, which included 4 double-blind, active-controlled studies and 1 open-label, long-term active-controlled study. The studies ranged from 8 weeks to 12 months in duration, at doses ranging from 20/12.5 mg to 80/25 mg once daily. A total of 5310 patients (3082 given Edarbyclor and 2228 given active comparator) with moderate or severe hypertension were studied. Overall, randomized patients had a mean age of 57 years, and included 52% males, 72% whites, 21% blacks, 15% with diabetes, 70% with mild or moderate renal impairment, and a mean BMI of 31.6 kg/m2.
An 8-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel group factorial trial in patients with moderate to severe hypertension compared the effect on blood pressure of Edarbyclor with the respective monotherapies. The trial randomized 1714 patients with baseline systolic blood pressure between 160 and 190 mm Hg (mean 165 mm Hg) and a baseline diastolic blood pressure <119 mm Hg (mean 95 mm Hg) to one of the 11 active treatment arms.
The 6 treatment combinations of azilsartan medoxomil 20, 40, or 80 mg and chlorthalidone 12.5 or 25 mg resulted in statistically significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure as determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (Table 2) and clinic measurement (Table 3) at trough compared with the respective individual monotherapies. The clinic blood pressure reductions appear larger than those observed with ABPM, because the former include a placebo effect, which was not directly measured. Most of the antihypertensive effect of Edarbyclor occurs within 1-2 weeks of dosing. The blood pressure lowering effect was maintained throughout the 24-hour period (Figure 3).
Table 2. Mean Change from Baseline in Systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) as Measured by ABPM at Trough (22-24 Hours Post-Dose) at Week 8: Combination Therapy vs Monotherapy
 |
Table 3. Mean Change from Baseline in Clinic Systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) at Week 8: Combination Therapy vs Monotherapy、
 |
Figure 3. Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 in Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) by Treatment and Hour
 |
Edarbyclor was effective in reducing blood pressure regardless of age, gender, or race.
Edarbyclor was effective in treating black patients (usually a low-renin population).
In a 12-week, double-blind forced-titration trial, Edarbyclor 40/25 mg was statistically superior (P<0.001) to olmesartan medoxomil – hydrochlorothiazide (OLM/HCTZ) 40/25 mg in reducing systolic blood pressure in patients with moderate to severe hypertension (Table 4). Similar results were observed in all subgroups, including age, gender, or race of patients.
Table 4. Mean Change in Systolic/Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) at Week 12
 |
Edarbyclor lowered blood pressure more effectively than OLM/HCTZ at each hour of the 24-hour interdosing period as measured by ABPM.
Cardiovascular Outcomes
There are no trials of Edarbyclor demonstrating reductions in cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension; however, trials with chlorthalidone and at least one drug pharmacologically similar to azilsartan medoxomil have demonstrated such benefits.
How Supplied
Edarbyclor is supplied as fixed dose combination tablets that are round, biconvex, film-coated, and 9.7 mm in diameter.
 |
- National Drug Code (NDC): 64764-944-30
- Storage: Store at 25°C (77°F), excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Keep container tightly closed. Protect from moisture and light. Do not repackage; dispense and store in original container.
- Manufactured by: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc.
- Distributed by: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc.
Images
Drug Images
 Drug Name: Edarbyclor 40/12.5 (azilsartan medoxomil (azilsartan kamedoxomil 42.68 MG) / chlorthalidone) Oral Tablet |
Package and Label Display Panel
 |
 |
 |
 |
Patient Information
Patient Information from FDA
See FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information)
Tell patients that if they miss a dose, they should take it later in the same day, but not to double the dose on the following day.
Pregnancy
Tell female patients of childbearing potential about the consequences of exposure to Edarbyclor during pregnancy. Discuss treatment options with women planning to become pregnant. Tell patients to report pregnancies to their physicians as soon as possible.
Symptomatic hypotension
Advise patients to report light-headedness. Advise patients, if syncope occurs, to have someone call the doctor or seek medical attention, and to discontinue Edarbyclor.
Inform patients that dehydration from excessive perspiration, vomiting, or diarrhea may lead to an excessive fall in blood pressure. Inform patients to consult with their healthcare provider if these symptoms occur.
Renal Impairment
Inform patients with renal impairment that they should receive periodic blood tests to monitor their renal function while taking Edarbyclor.
Gout
Have patients report gout symptoms.
Patient Information
EDARBYCLOR (eh-DAR-bih-clor) (azilsartanmedoxomil and chlorthalidone) tablets
Read this Patient Information leaflet before you start taking Edarbyclor and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment.
What is the most important information I should know about Edarbyclor?
- Edarbyclor can cause harm or death to your unborn baby.
- Talk to your doctor about other ways to lower your blood pressure if you plan to become pregnant.
- If you become pregnant while taking Edarbyclor, tell your doctor right away. Your doctor may switch you to a different medicine to treat your high blood pressure.
What Is Edarbyclor?
Edarbyclor is a prescription medicine that contains azilsartan medoxomil, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and chlorthalidone, a water pill (diuretic).
Edarbyclor is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension):
- when one medicine to lower your high blood pressure is not enough
- as the first medicine to lower your high blood pressure if your doctor decides you are likely to need more than one medicine.
It is not known if Edarbyclor is safe and effective in children under 18 years of age.
Who should not take Edarbyclor?
Do not take Edarbyclor if you:
- make less urine because of kidney problems
What should I tell my doctor before taking Edarbyclor?
Before you take Edarbyclor, tell your doctor if you:
- have been told that you have abnormal body salt (electrolytes) levels in your blood
- have liver or kidney problems
- have heart problems or stroke
- are vomiting or have diarrhea
- have gout
- are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. See "What is the most important information I should know about Edarbyclor?"
- are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Edarbyclor passes into your breast milk. You and your doctor should decide if you will take Edarbyclor or breastfeed. You should not do both. Talk with your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you take Edarbyclor.
Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
Especially tell your doctor if you take:
- other medicines used to treat your high blood pressure or heart problem
- water pills (diuretics)
- lithium carbonate (Lithobid), lithium citrate
- digoxin (Lanoxin)
Ask your doctor if you are not sure if you are taking a medicine listed above.
Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your doctor or pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
How should I take Edarbyclor?
- Take Edarbyclor exactly as your doctor tells you to.
- Your doctor will tell you how much Edarbyclor to take and when to take it.
- Your doctor may prescribe other medicines for you to take along with Edarbyclor to treat your high blood pressure.
- Edarbyclor can be taken with or without food.
- If you miss a dose, take it later in the same day. Do not take more than 1 dose of Edarbyclor in a day.
- If you take too much Edarbyclor and have symptoms of low blood pressure (hypotension) and dizziness, call your doctor for advice. See "What are the possible side effects of Edarbyclor?"
What are the possible side effects of Edarbyclor?
Edarbyclor may cause serious side effects, including:
- See "What is the most important information I should know about Edarbyclor?"
- Low blood pressure (hypotension) and dizziness is most likely to happen if you also:
- take water pills (diuretics)
- are on a low-salt diet
- take other medicines that affect your blood pressure
- sweat a lot
- get sick with vomiting or diarrhea
- do not drink enough fluids
If you feel faint or dizzy, lie down and call your doctor right away. If you pass out (faint) have someone call your doctor or get medical help. Stop taking Edarbyclor.
- Kidney problems. Kidney problems may become worse in people that already have kidney disease. Some people have changes in blood tests for kidney function and may need a lower dose of Edarbyclor or may need to stop treatment with Edarbyclor. During treatment with Edarbyclor, certain people who have severe heart failure, narrowing of the artery to the kidney, or who lose too much body fluid such as with nausea, vomiting, bleeding, or trauma, may develop sudden kidney failure and in rare instances, death.
- Fluid and body salt (electrolyte) problems. Tell your doctor if you get any of the following symptoms:
Patient Information from NLM
For patient information about Azilsartan, click here.
Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Azilsartan kamedoxomil and chlorthalidone interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
Brand Names
Edarbyclor®
Look-Alike Drug Names
- (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
- (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
- (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)