Apex of the heart

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Apex of the heart
Sternocostal surface of heart. (Apex is not labeled, but is visible at bottom right.)
Diagram showing relations of opened heart to front of thoracic wall. Ant. Anterior segment of tricuspid valve. A O. Aorta. A.P. Anterior papillary muscle. In. Brachiocephalic artery (Innominate). L.C.C. Left common carotid artery. L.S. Left subclavian artery. L.V. Left ventricle. P.A. Pulmonary artery. R.A. Right atrium. R.V. Right ventricle. V.S. Ventricular septum.
Latin	apex cordis
Gray's	subject #138 527
Dorlands/Elsevier	a_52/12145026

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Overview

The apex of the heart is the lowest superficial part of the heart.

It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura.

External anatomy

It lies behind the fifth left intercostal space, 8 to 9 cm. from the mid-sternal line, slightly medial to the midclavicular line.

Alternately, it can be found about 4 cm. below and 2 mm. to the medial side of the left mammary papilla.

It's function is to pump blood from the left atruim

External links

• Apex+of+heart at eMedicine Dictionary
• SUNY Labs 20:05-0104 - "Heart: Sternocostal Surface of the Heart"
• Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, at Elsevier 02101.002-2

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant.

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart
Structures	atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps
Regions	base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left)
Right heart	(vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula)  → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (auricle) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers	pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings)
Conduction system	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers

v • d • e WikiDoc Research Resources for Apex of the heart
Articles on Apex of the heart	Most recent articles on Apex of the heart • Most cited articles on Apex of the heart • Review articles on Apex of the heart • Articles on Apex of the heart in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Apex of the heart	Powerpoint slides on Apex of the heart • Images of Apex of the heart • Photos of Apex of the heart • Podcasts & MP3s on Apex of the heart • Videos on Apex of the heart
Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Apex of the heart	Cochrane Collaboration on Apex of the heart • Bandolier on Apex of the heart • TRIP on Apex of the heart
Cost Effectiveness of Apex of the heart	Cost Effectiveness of Apex of the heart
Clinical Trials Involving Apex of the heart	Ongoing Trials on Apex of the heart at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Apex of the heart • Clinical Trials on Apex of the heart at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Apex of the heart	US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Apex of the heart • NICE Guidance on Apex of the heart • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Apex of the heart • CDC on Apex of the heart
Textbook Information on Apex of the heart	Books and Textbook Information on Apex of the heart
Pharmacology Resources on Apex of the heart	Dosing of Apex of the heart • Drug interactions with Apex of the heart • Side effects of Apex of the heart • Allergic reactions to Apex of the heart • Overdose information on Apex of the heart • Carcinogenicity information on Apex of the heart • Apex of the heart in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Apex of the heart •
Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Apex of the heart	Genetics of Apex of the heart • Pharmacogenomics of Apex of the heart • Proteomics of Apex of the heart
Newstories on Apex of the heart	Apex of the heart in the news • Be alerted to news on Apex of the heart • News trends on Apex of the heart
Commentary on Apex of the heart	Blogs on Apex of the heart
Patient Resources on Apex of the heart	Patient resources on Apex of the heart • Discussion groups on Apex of the heart • Patient Handouts on Apex of the heart • Directions to Hospitals Treating Apex of the heart • Risk calculators and risk factors for Apex of the heart
Healthcare Provider Resources on Apex of the heart	Symptoms of Apex of the heart • Causes & Risk Factors for Apex of the heart • Diagnostic studies for Apex of the heart • Treatment of Apex of the heart
Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Apex of the heart	CME Programs on Apex of the heart
International Resources on Apex of the heart	Apex of the heart en Espanol • Apex of the heart en Francais
Business Resources on Apex of the heart	Apex of the heart in the Marketplace • Patents on Apex of the heart
Informatics Resources on Apex of the heart	List of terms related to Apex of the heart

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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .