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{{Typhoid fever}}
{{Typhoid fever}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified based on duration of illness, serologic type causing disease, severity of illness and virulence factors.
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and [[virulence]] factors.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified as follows
There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.<ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
 
===Duration of illness===
===Duration of illness===
'''Acute disease'''  
'''Acute disease''' <ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510  }} </ref>
*Sudden in onset  
*Sudden-onset  
*Severe by nature
*Severe in nature
*Lasts < 12 months
*Lasts < 12 months
*Mostly symptomatic
*Mostly symptomatic


'''Chronic disease'''
'''Chronic disease''' <ref name="pmid1519582">{{cite journal| author=Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW| title=Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1992 | volume= 87 | issue= 9 | pages= 1198-9 | pmid=1519582 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1519582  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7172510">{{cite journal| author=Dham SK, Thompson RA| title=Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers. | journal=Clin Exp Immunol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-40 | pmid=7172510 | doi= | pmc=1536860 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7172510  }} </ref>
*Lasts > 12 months
*Lasts > 12 months
*Less severe  
*Less severe  
*Asymptomatic
*Asymptomatic
 
*Spread infection to others
===Serological type===
'''Salmonella enterica serotype typhi'''
*causes classic typhoid fever syndrome
 
'''other serotypes'''
*causes typhoid fever like syndrome
:*Salmonella paratyphi A
:*Salmonella paratyphi B
:*Salmonella paratyphi C
:*Salmonella choleraesuis


===Severity of illness===
===Severity of illness===
'''Mild disease'''
'''Mild disease'''<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref>
:*Early diagnosis and treatment
*Early diagnosis and treatment
:*Antibiotic susceptibility
*[[Antibiotic]] susceptibility
:*Absence of complications
*Absence of [[complications]]


'''Moderate to severe disease'''
'''Moderate to severe disease'''<ref>Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.</ref><ref name="pmid6361558">{{cite journal| author=Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR et al.| title=Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1984 | volume= 310 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=6361558 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198401123100203 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6361558  }} </ref>
:*Late presentation
*Late presentation
:*Presence of complications
*Presence of [[complications]]
:*Antibiotic resistance
*[[Antibiotic]] resistance


===Virulence factors===
===Virulence factors===
'''High virulence factors'''
'''High virulence factors'''<ref name="pmid8648213">{{cite journal| author=Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI| title=phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1996 | volume= 173 | issue= 6 | pages= 1408-14 | pmid=8648213 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8648213  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18191792">{{cite journal| author=Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE| title=Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment. | journal=Cell Host Microbe | year= 2008 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-8 | pmid=18191792 | doi=10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18191792  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12456854">{{cite journal| author=Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ| title=Typhoid fever. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2002 | volume= 347 | issue= 22 | pages= 1770-82 | pmid=12456854 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra020201 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12456854  }} </ref>
:*PhoP/phoQ genes
*PhoP/phoQ genes
:*CdtB protein
*CdtB protein
:*Vi antigen positive strains
*Vi antigen-positive strains
'''Low virulence factors'''
 
:*Absence of above factors
'''Low virulence factors'''<ref name="pmid8450268">{{cite journal| author=Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V| title=Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1993 | volume= 167 | issue= 4 | pages= 993-4 | pmid=8450268 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8450268  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26394303">{{cite journal| author=Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P et al.| title=Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans. | journal=PLoS Negl Trop Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= e0004029 | pmid=26394303 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029 | pmc=4578949 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26394303  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18192769">{{cite journal| author=Weinberg ED| title=Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation. | journal=Perspect Biol Med | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 98-102 | pmid=18192769 | doi=10.1353/pbm.2008.0001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18192769  }} </ref>
:*Presence of following host factors
*Absence of above factors
::*C282 mutation
*Presence of following host factors
::*CFTR mutation
:*C282 mutation
:*CFTR mutation


== References ==  
== References ==  
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 02:39, 18 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. Typhoid fever may be classified informally based on duration of illness, serologic type, severity of illness, and virulence factors.[1]

Classification

There is no established classification system for typhoid fever. However, typhoid fever may be classified informally as follows.[1]

Duration of illness

Acute disease [2][3][4]

  • Sudden-onset
  • Severe in nature
  • Lasts < 12 months
  • Mostly symptomatic

Chronic disease [2][3][4]

  • Lasts > 12 months
  • Less severe
  • Asymptomatic
  • Spread infection to others

Severity of illness

Mild disease[5][6]

Moderate to severe disease[7][6]

Virulence factors

High virulence factors[8][9][1]

  • PhoP/phoQ genes
  • CdtB protein
  • Vi antigen-positive strains

Low virulence factors[3][10][11]

  • Absence of above factors
  • Presence of following host factors
  • C282 mutation
  • CFTR mutation

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lai CW, Chan RC, Cheng AF, Sung JY, Leung JW (1992). "Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (9): 1198–9. PMID 1519582.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hofmann E, Chianale J, Rollán A, Pereira J, Ferrecio C, Sotomayor V (1993). "Blood group antigen secretion and gallstone disease in the Salmonella typhi chronic carrier state". J Infect Dis. 167 (4): 993–4. PMID 8450268.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dham SK, Thompson RA (1982). "Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in chronic typhoid carriers". Clin Exp Immunol. 50 (1): 34–40. PMC 1536860. PMID 7172510.
  5. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, Moechtar MA, Pulungsih SP, Rivai AR; et al. (1984). "Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dexamethasone". N Engl J Med. 310 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198401123100203. PMID 6361558.
  7. ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed. "Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever." Archives of disease in childhood 75.3 (1996): 214-217.
  8. ↑ Hohmann EL, Oletta CA, Killeen KP, Miller SI (1996). "phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi (Ty800) is a safe and immunogenic single-dose typhoid fever vaccine in volunteers". J Infect Dis. 173 (6): 1408–14. PMID 8648213.
  9. ↑ Spanò S, Ugalde JE, Galán JE (2008). "Delivery of a Salmonella Typhi exotoxin from a host intracellular compartment". Cell Host Microbe. 3 (1): 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.001. PMID 18191792.
  10. ↑ Darton TC, Blohmke CJ, Giannoulatou E, Waddington CS, Jones C, Sturges P; et al. (2015). "Rapidly Escalating Hepcidin and Associated Serum Iron Starvation Are Features of the Acute Response to Typhoid Infection in Humans". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9 (9): e0004029. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004029. PMC 4578949. PMID 26394303.
  11. ↑ Weinberg ED (2008). "Survival advantage of the hemochromatosis C282Y mutation". Perspect Biol Med. 51 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1353/pbm.2008.0001. PMID 18192769.


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