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*[[Anaerobic bacteria]] have been implicated in tonsillitis. These include pigmented [[Prevotella]] and Porphyromonas, [[Fusobacterium]] and [[actinomyces|Actinomyces spp.]] The possible role of anaerobes in the acute inflammatory process in the tonsils is supported by several clinical and scientific observations: anaerobes have been isolated from the cores of tonsils of children and adults with recurrent [[GABHS]] and non streptococcal tonsillitis, and [[peritonsillar]] and [[retropharyngeal]] abscesses in many cases without any aerobic bacteria, their recovery as pathogens in well-established [[anaerobic infections]] of the tonsils ([[Vincent's angina]]), the increased recovery rate of encapsulated pigmented ''Prevotella'' and ''Porphyromonas'' spp. in acutely inflamed tonsils, and the response to antibiotics in patients with non streptococcal tonsillitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brook |first=I. |title=The role of anaerobic bacteria in tonsillitis |journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol |year=2005 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=9-19 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.08.007 |pmid=15627441 }}</ref> | *[[Anaerobic bacteria]] have been implicated in tonsillitis. These include pigmented [[Prevotella]] and Porphyromonas, [[Fusobacterium]] and [[actinomyces|Actinomyces spp.]] The possible role of anaerobes in the acute inflammatory process in the tonsils is supported by several clinical and scientific observations: anaerobes have been isolated from the cores of tonsils of children and adults with recurrent [[GABHS]] and non streptococcal tonsillitis, and [[peritonsillar]] and [[retropharyngeal]] abscesses in many cases without any aerobic bacteria, their recovery as pathogens in well-established [[anaerobic infections]] of the tonsils ([[Vincent's angina]]), the increased recovery rate of encapsulated pigmented ''Prevotella'' and ''Porphyromonas'' spp. in acutely inflamed tonsils, and the response to antibiotics in patients with non streptococcal tonsillitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brook |first=I. |title=The role of anaerobic bacteria in tonsillitis |journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol |year=2005 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=9-19 |doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.08.007 |pmid=15627441 }}</ref> | ||
* Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> such as the [[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> (the cause of [[infectious mononucleosis]])<ref name="pmid12452866">{{cite journal |author=Renn CN, Straff W, Dorfmüller A, Al-Masaoudi T, Merk HF, Sachs B |title=Amoxicillin-induced exanthema in young adults with infectious mononucleosis: demonstration of drug-specific lymphocyte reactivity |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=1166–70 |year=2002 |pmid=12452866 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05021.x}} -Renn studied 4 patients who where treated amoxicillin for throat infection and lymphadenopathy. Infectious mononucleosis was present in the patient’s blood due to trace of Epstein-Barr antibodies. The three tests performed where the patched test, intracutaneous test, and lymphocyte transformation test. The results of the patched test that pointed to amoxicillin as the caused of their rash were 1 out of 4 patients. The intracutaneous showed 2 out of 4 patients with positive results that pointed to amoxicillin. The LTT results showed 3 out of 4 that pointed to amoxicillin</ref> or the [[Adenovirus]].<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> | * Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> such as the [[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> (the cause of [[infectious mononucleosis]])<ref name="pmid12452866">{{cite journal |author=Renn CN, Straff W, Dorfmüller A, Al-Masaoudi T, Merk HF, Sachs B |title=Amoxicillin-induced exanthema in young adults with infectious mononucleosis: demonstration of drug-specific lymphocyte reactivity |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=1166–70 |year=2002 |pmid=12452866 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05021.x}} -Renn studied 4 patients who where treated amoxicillin for throat infection and lymphadenopathy. Infectious mononucleosis was present in the patient’s blood due to trace of Epstein-Barr antibodies. The three tests performed where the patched test, intracutaneous test, and lymphocyte transformation test. The results of the patched test that pointed to amoxicillin as the caused of their rash were 1 out of 4 patients. The intracutaneous showed 2 out of 4 patients with positive results that pointed to amoxicillin. The LTT results showed 3 out of 4 that pointed to amoxicillin</ref> or the [[Adenovirus]].<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref> | ||
* Drugs like [[Tobramycin]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 13:53, 4 December 2014
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The most common causes of tonsillitis are adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. It can also be caused by Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or HIV. The second most common causes are bacterial.
Causes
- The most common bacterial cause is Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), which causes strep throat. Less common bacterial causes include: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA ),[1]Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, pertussis, Fusobacterium, diphtheria, syphilis, and gonorrhea. A concomitant GABHS and influenza A virus pharyngotonsillitis can occur, as was evident by an increased in the ASO and anti-DNase B titers in a third of the patients who had both of these organisms isolated.[2]
- Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in tonsillitis. These include pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces spp. The possible role of anaerobes in the acute inflammatory process in the tonsils is supported by several clinical and scientific observations: anaerobes have been isolated from the cores of tonsils of children and adults with recurrent GABHS and non streptococcal tonsillitis, and peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscesses in many cases without any aerobic bacteria, their recovery as pathogens in well-established anaerobic infections of the tonsils (Vincent's angina), the increased recovery rate of encapsulated pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas spp. in acutely inflamed tonsils, and the response to antibiotics in patients with non streptococcal tonsillitis.[3]
- Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses[4] such as the Epstein-Barr virus[4] (the cause of infectious mononucleosis)[5] or the Adenovirus.[4]
- Drugs like Tobramycin
References
- ↑ Brook, I.; Foote, P. A. (2006). "Isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the surface and core of tonsils in children". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (12): 2099–2102. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.08.004. PMID 16962178.
- ↑ Brook, I.; Gober, A. E. (2008). "Concurrent influenza A and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis". Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 117 (4): 310–312. PMID 18478842.
- ↑ Brook, I. (2005). "The role of anaerobic bacteria in tonsillitis". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 69 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.08.007. PMID 15627441.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Putto A (1987). "Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal?". Pediatrics. 80 (1): 6–12. PMID 3601520.
- ↑ Renn CN, Straff W, Dorfmüller A, Al-Masaoudi T, Merk HF, Sachs B (2002). "Amoxicillin-induced exanthema in young adults with infectious mononucleosis: demonstration of drug-specific lymphocyte reactivity". Br. J. Dermatol. 147 (6): 1166–70. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05021.x. PMID 12452866. -Renn studied 4 patients who where treated amoxicillin for throat infection and lymphadenopathy. Infectious mononucleosis was present in the patient’s blood due to trace of Epstein-Barr antibodies. The three tests performed where the patched test, intracutaneous test, and lymphocyte transformation test. The results of the patched test that pointed to amoxicillin as the caused of their rash were 1 out of 4 patients. The intracutaneous showed 2 out of 4 patients with positive results that pointed to amoxicillin. The LTT results showed 3 out of 4 that pointed to amoxicillin