Scoliosis other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==


Electromyography, somatosensory evoked potential, pulmonary function studies, peak height velocity, and computerized photogrammetry may be helpful in the diagnosis of scoliosis.  
[[Electromyography]], [[Somatosensory evoked potentials|somatosensory evoked potential]]<nowiki/>s, [[pulmonary function studies]], peak height velocity, and [[computerized photogrammetry]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [[scoliosis]].  


==Other Diagnostic Studies==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==


Other diagnostic studies for scoliosis include electromyography (EMG), somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), pulmonary function test (PFT), peak height velocity, and computerized photogrammetry.
Other diagnostic studies for scoliosis include [[electromyography]] (EMG), [[Somatosensory evoked potentials|somatosensory evoked potential]] (SSEP), [[Spirometry|pulmonary function test]] (PFT), peak height velocity, and [[computerized photogrammetry]].


===Electromyography (EMG)===
===Electromyography (EMG)===
*In literature, it has been demonstrated that changes in the EMG activity of the paraspinal muscles during the development and progression of the scoliotic curve.<ref name="pmid3476698">{{cite journal| author=Bos RR, Boering G, Rozema FR, Leenslag JW| title=Resorbable poly(L-lactide) plates and screws for the fixation of zygomatic fractures. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 751-3 | pmid=3476698 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3476698  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21325929">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira AS, Gianini PE, Camarini PM, Bevilaqua-Grossi D| title=Electromyographic analysis of paravertebral muscles in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 5 | pages= E334-9 | pmid=21325929 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f516cd | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21325929  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6741480">{{cite journal| author=Zetterberg C, Björk R, Ortengren R, Andersson GB| title=Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load. | journal=Acta Orthop Scand | year= 1984 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 304-9 | pmid=6741480 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6741480  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15105674">{{cite journal| author=Cheung J, Veldhuizen AG, Halbertsma JP, Maurits NM, Sluiter WJ, Cool JC et al.| title=The relation between electromyography and growth velocity of the spine in the evaluation of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2004 | volume= 29 | issue= 9 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=15105674 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15105674  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25008019">{{cite journal| author=Farahpour N, Ghasemi S, Allard P, Saba MS| title=Electromyographic responses of erector spinae and lower limb's muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Electromyogr Kinesiol | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 645-51 | pmid=25008019 | doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25008019  }} </ref>
*In literature, it has been demonstrated that changes in the [[Electromyography|EMG]] activity of the paraspinal muscles during the development and progression of the scoliotic curve.<ref name="pmid3476698">{{cite journal| author=Bos RR, Boering G, Rozema FR, Leenslag JW| title=Resorbable poly(L-lactide) plates and screws for the fixation of zygomatic fractures. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 751-3 | pmid=3476698 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3476698  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21325929">{{cite journal| author=de Oliveira AS, Gianini PE, Camarini PM, Bevilaqua-Grossi D| title=Electromyographic analysis of paravertebral muscles in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 5 | pages= E334-9 | pmid=21325929 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f516cd | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21325929  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6741480">{{cite journal| author=Zetterberg C, Björk R, Ortengren R, Andersson GB| title=Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load. | journal=Acta Orthop Scand | year= 1984 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 304-9 | pmid=6741480 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6741480  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15105674">{{cite journal| author=Cheung J, Veldhuizen AG, Halbertsma JP, Maurits NM, Sluiter WJ, Cool JC et al.| title=The relation between electromyography and growth velocity of the spine in the evaluation of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2004 | volume= 29 | issue= 9 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=15105674 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15105674  }} </ref><ref name="pmid25008019">{{cite journal| author=Farahpour N, Ghasemi S, Allard P, Saba MS| title=Electromyographic responses of erector spinae and lower limb's muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Electromyogr Kinesiol | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 645-51 | pmid=25008019 | doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25008019  }} </ref>
*EMG of the paraspinal muscles are of value for predicting the progression in idiopathic scoliosis.   
*[[EMG]] of the paraspinal muscles are of value for predicting the progression in idiopathic scoliosis.   
*Increased EMG activity has been noted on the convex side of the scoliotic curve.
*Increased EMG activity has been noted on the convex side of the [[Scoliosis|scoliotic]] curve.
*Higher amplitude of Motor unit Action potential (MUP) on the convexity side was the most prominent abnormal findings in our adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.  
*Higher amplitude of Motor unit Action potential (MUP) on the convexity side was the most prominent abnormal findings in our adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.  
*The amplitude of MUPs  correlates to the degree of scoliosis with no significant effect on progression of AIS curve according to the Cobb angle.
*The amplitude of MUPs  correlates to the degree of scoliosis with no significant effect on progression of AIS curve according to the Cobb angle.
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*Preserving the integrity of the spinal cord during a surgical maneuver is vital.<ref name="pmid1785088">{{cite journal| author=Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR| title=Spinal cord monitoring. Results of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society survey. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1991 | volume= 16 | issue= 8 Suppl | pages= S361-4 | pmid=1785088 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1785088  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7530190">{{cite journal| author=Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE| title=Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1995 | volume= 96 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-11 | pmid=7530190 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7530190  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24702615">{{cite journal| author=Cheng JS, Ivan ME, Stapleton CJ, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Gupta N, Auguste KI| title=Intraoperative changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials predicting outcome in children with intramedullary spinal cord tumors. | journal=J Neurosurg Pediatr | year= 2014 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 591-9 | pmid=24702615 | doi=10.3171/2014.2.PEDS1392 | pmc=4322892 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24702615  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20165679">{{cite journal| author=Kundnani VK, Zhu L, Tak H, Wong H| title=Multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Evaluation of 354 consecutive cases. | journal=Indian J Orthop | year= 2010 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-72 | pmid=20165679 | doi=10.4103/0019-5413.58608 | pmc=2822422 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20165679  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10635528">{{cite journal| author=Owen JH| title=The application of intraoperative monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 24 | pages= 2649-62 | pmid=10635528 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10635528  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17619913">{{cite journal| author=Pajewski TN, Arlet V, Phillips LH| title=Current approach on spinal cord monitoring: the point of view of the neurologist, the anesthesiologist and the spine surgeon. | journal=Eur Spine J | year= 2007 | volume= 16 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= S115-29 | pmid=17619913 | doi=10.1007/s00586-007-0419-6 | pmc=2072895 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17619913  }} </ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.054">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.054 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
*Preserving the integrity of the spinal cord during a surgical maneuver is vital.<ref name="pmid1785088">{{cite journal| author=Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR| title=Spinal cord monitoring. Results of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society survey. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1991 | volume= 16 | issue= 8 Suppl | pages= S361-4 | pmid=1785088 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1785088  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7530190">{{cite journal| author=Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE| title=Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey. | journal=Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol | year= 1995 | volume= 96 | issue= 1 | pages= 6-11 | pmid=7530190 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7530190  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24702615">{{cite journal| author=Cheng JS, Ivan ME, Stapleton CJ, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Gupta N, Auguste KI| title=Intraoperative changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials predicting outcome in children with intramedullary spinal cord tumors. | journal=J Neurosurg Pediatr | year= 2014 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 591-9 | pmid=24702615 | doi=10.3171/2014.2.PEDS1392 | pmc=4322892 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24702615  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20165679">{{cite journal| author=Kundnani VK, Zhu L, Tak H, Wong H| title=Multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Evaluation of 354 consecutive cases. | journal=Indian J Orthop | year= 2010 | volume= 44 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-72 | pmid=20165679 | doi=10.4103/0019-5413.58608 | pmc=2822422 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20165679  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10635528">{{cite journal| author=Owen JH| title=The application of intraoperative monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 1999 | volume= 24 | issue= 24 | pages= 2649-62 | pmid=10635528 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10635528  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17619913">{{cite journal| author=Pajewski TN, Arlet V, Phillips LH| title=Current approach on spinal cord monitoring: the point of view of the neurologist, the anesthesiologist and the spine surgeon. | journal=Eur Spine J | year= 2007 | volume= 16 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= S115-29 | pmid=17619913 | doi=10.1007/s00586-007-0419-6 | pmc=2072895 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17619913  }} </ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.054">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.054 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
*Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) provides guidance to surgeons and reduces the risk of permanent neurologic complications.
*Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) provides guidance to surgeons and reduces the risk of permanent [[neurologic]] complications.
*A somatosensory evoked potential study determines whether the spinal nerves can send and receive sensory messages, and how quickly these messages are transmitted between the nerve and brain.
*A [[Somatosensory evoked potentials|somatosensory evoked potential]] study determines whether the [[Spinal nerve|spinal nerves]] can send and receive sensory messages, and how quickly these messages are transmitted between the nerve and brain.
*SSEP amplitude recorded before skin incision is used as the reference baseline.  
*SSEP amplitude recorded before skin incision is used as the reference baseline.  
*A 50% decrease in the amplitude from baseline is set as the alarm threshold for intra-operative neural damage.
*A 50% decrease in the amplitude from baseline is set as the alarm threshold for intra-operative neural damage.
*SSEP can be affected by anesthesia and hypotension.
*SSEP can be affected by [[anesthesia]] and [[hypotension]].


===Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)===
===Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)===
*Pulmonary function studies have been used extensively in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis.<ref name="pmid10647164">{{cite journal| author=Vedantam R, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Linville DL| title=Comparison of push-prone and lateral-bending radiographs for predicting postoperative coronal alignment in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliotic curves. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2000 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 76-81 | pmid=10647164 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10647164  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19494748">{{cite journal| author=Yaszay B, Jazayeri R, Lonner B| title=The effect of surgical approaches on pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Spinal Disord Tech | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 278-83 | pmid=19494748 | doi=10.1097/BSD.0b013e31816d2530 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19494748  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8288659">{{cite journal| author=Smith RM, Dickson RA| title=Changes in residual volume relative to vital capacity and total lung capacity after arthrodesis of the spine in patients who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1994 | volume= 76 | issue= 1 | pages= 153 | pmid=8288659 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8288659  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1184646">{{cite journal| author=Winter RB, Lovell WW, Moe JH| title=Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1975 | volume= 57 | issue= 7 | pages= 972-7 | pmid=1184646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1184646  }} </ref>  
*[[Pulmonary function test|Pulmonary function studies]] have been used extensively in the evaluation of patients with [[idiopathic scoliosis]].<ref name="pmid10647164">{{cite journal| author=Vedantam R, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Linville DL| title=Comparison of push-prone and lateral-bending radiographs for predicting postoperative coronal alignment in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliotic curves. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2000 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 76-81 | pmid=10647164 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10647164  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19494748">{{cite journal| author=Yaszay B, Jazayeri R, Lonner B| title=The effect of surgical approaches on pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Spinal Disord Tech | year= 2009 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 278-83 | pmid=19494748 | doi=10.1097/BSD.0b013e31816d2530 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19494748  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8288659">{{cite journal| author=Smith RM, Dickson RA| title=Changes in residual volume relative to vital capacity and total lung capacity after arthrodesis of the spine in patients who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1994 | volume= 76 | issue= 1 | pages= 153 | pmid=8288659 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8288659  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1184646">{{cite journal| author=Winter RB, Lovell WW, Moe JH| title=Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1975 | volume= 57 | issue= 7 | pages= 972-7 | pmid=1184646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1184646  }} </ref>  
*The pre-operative values serve as a reference baseline as well as they determine the impact of large curves on pulmonary function.
*The pre-operative values serve as a reference baseline as well as they determine the impact of large curves on [[Pulmonary function test|pulmonary function]].
*Patients with large curves have low volume, flow, and lung capacity parameters.
*Patients with large curves have low volume, flow, and lung capacity parameters.
*In general, patients whose scoliosis surgery does not involve disruption of their chest wall can be expected to experience improved post-operative pulmonary function.  
*In general, patients whose [[scoliosis]] surgery does not involve disruption of their [[Thoracic cavity|chest wall]] can be expected to experience improved post-operative [[Spirometry|pulmonary function]].  
*However, in few cases impairment in respiratory mechanics may persist after successful scoliosis surgery.
*However, in few cases impairment in respiratory mechanics may persist after successful [[scoliosis]] surgery.


===Peak Height Velocity===
===Peak Height Velocity===
*Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis is related to growth.<ref name="pmid10819279">{{cite journal| author=Little DG, Song KM, Katz D, Herring JA| title=Relationship of peak height velocity to other maturity indicators in idiopathic scoliosis in girls. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2000 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 685-93 | pmid=10819279 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10819279  }} </ref>  
*Curve progression in [[idiopathic scoliosis]] is related to growth.<ref name="pmid10819279">{{cite journal| author=Little DG, Song KM, Katz D, Herring JA| title=Relationship of peak height velocity to other maturity indicators in idiopathic scoliosis in girls. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 2000 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 685-93 | pmid=10819279 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10819279  }} </ref>  
*Peak height velocity is a maturity scale directly related to growth and the adolescent growth spurt.
*Peak height velocity is a maturity scale directly related to growth and the adolescent growth spurt.
*Recommendations for bracing and operative intervention rely on the ability to assess the growth potential of these patients.
*Recommendations for [[Brace (orthopaedic)|bracing]] and operative intervention rely on the ability to assess the growth potential of these patients.
*Once peak height velocity is identified, the timing of cessation of growth can be reliably predicted, so that patients can be told well in advance how long they will need to wear an orthosis.
*Once peak height velocity is identified, the timing of cessation of growth can be reliably predicted, so that patients can be told well in advance how long they will need to wear an [[orthosis]].


===Computerized Photogrammetry===
===Computerized Photogrammetry===
*Photogrammetry can be regarded as the science and technology of obtaining spatial measurements, and other geometrically reliable information, derived from photographs.
*Photogrammetry can be regarded as the science and technology of obtaining spatial measurements, and other geometrically reliable information, derived from photographs.
*Few studies have exhibited equivalent scoliosis angle measurements in patients compared with the traditional Cobb radiographic method.<ref name="pmid21245778">{{cite journal| author=Aroeira RM, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE| title=New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 19 | pages= 1584-91 | pmid=21245778 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f7cfaa | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21245778  }} </ref>
*Few studies have exhibited equivalent [[scoliosis]] angle measurements in patients compared with the traditional Cobb [[radiographic]] method.<ref name="pmid21245778">{{cite journal| author=Aroeira RM, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE| title=New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry. | journal=Spine (Phila Pa 1976) | year= 2011 | volume= 36 | issue= 19 | pages= 1584-91 | pmid=21245778 | doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f7cfaa | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21245778  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:25, 10 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]

Overview

Electromyography, somatosensory evoked potentials, pulmonary function studies, peak height velocity, and computerized photogrammetry may be helpful in the diagnosis of scoliosis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for scoliosis include electromyography (EMG), somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), pulmonary function test (PFT), peak height velocity, and computerized photogrammetry.

Electromyography (EMG)

  • In literature, it has been demonstrated that changes in the EMG activity of the paraspinal muscles during the development and progression of the scoliotic curve.[1][2][3][4][5]
  • EMG of the paraspinal muscles are of value for predicting the progression in idiopathic scoliosis.
  • Increased EMG activity has been noted on the convex side of the scoliotic curve.
  • Higher amplitude of Motor unit Action potential (MUP) on the convexity side was the most prominent abnormal findings in our adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients.
  • The amplitude of MUPs correlates to the degree of scoliosis with no significant effect on progression of AIS curve according to the Cobb angle.

Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)

SSEP of median nerve.Source: By Medicus of Borg - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0
  • Preserving the integrity of the spinal cord during a surgical maneuver is vital.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
  • Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) provides guidance to surgeons and reduces the risk of permanent neurologic complications.
  • A somatosensory evoked potential study determines whether the spinal nerves can send and receive sensory messages, and how quickly these messages are transmitted between the nerve and brain.
  • SSEP amplitude recorded before skin incision is used as the reference baseline.
  • A 50% decrease in the amplitude from baseline is set as the alarm threshold for intra-operative neural damage.
  • SSEP can be affected by anesthesia and hypotension.

Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

Peak Height Velocity

  • Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis is related to growth.[17]
  • Peak height velocity is a maturity scale directly related to growth and the adolescent growth spurt.
  • Recommendations for bracing and operative intervention rely on the ability to assess the growth potential of these patients.
  • Once peak height velocity is identified, the timing of cessation of growth can be reliably predicted, so that patients can be told well in advance how long they will need to wear an orthosis.

Computerized Photogrammetry

  • Photogrammetry can be regarded as the science and technology of obtaining spatial measurements, and other geometrically reliable information, derived from photographs.
  • Few studies have exhibited equivalent scoliosis angle measurements in patients compared with the traditional Cobb radiographic method.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Bos RR, Boering G, Rozema FR, Leenslag JW (1987). "Resorbable poly(L-lactide) plates and screws for the fixation of zygomatic fractures". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 45 (9): 751–3. PMID 3476698.
  2. ↑ de Oliveira AS, Gianini PE, Camarini PM, Bevilaqua-Grossi D (2011). "Electromyographic analysis of paravertebral muscles in patients with idiopathic scoliosis". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36 (5): E334–9. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f516cd. PMID 21325929.
  3. ↑ Zetterberg C, Björk R, Ortengren R, Andersson GB (1984). "Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load". Acta Orthop Scand. 55 (3): 304–9. PMID 6741480.
  4. ↑ Cheung J, Veldhuizen AG, Halbertsma JP, Maurits NM, Sluiter WJ, Cool JC; et al. (2004). "The relation between electromyography and growth velocity of the spine in the evaluation of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 29 (9): 1011–6. PMID 15105674.
  5. ↑ Farahpour N, Ghasemi S, Allard P, Saba MS (2014). "Electromyographic responses of erector spinae and lower limb's muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 24 (5): 645–51. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.014. PMID 25008019.
  6. ↑ Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR (1991). "Spinal cord monitoring. Results of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society survey". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 16 (8 Suppl): S361–4. PMID 1785088.
  7. ↑ Nuwer MR, Dawson EG, Carlson LG, Kanim LE, Sherman JE (1995). "Somatosensory evoked potential spinal cord monitoring reduces neurologic deficits after scoliosis surgery: results of a large multicenter survey". Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 96 (1): 6–11. PMID 7530190.
  8. ↑ Cheng JS, Ivan ME, Stapleton CJ, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Gupta N, Auguste KI (2014). "Intraoperative changes in transcranial motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials predicting outcome in children with intramedullary spinal cord tumors". J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13 (6): 591–9. doi:10.3171/2014.2.PEDS1392. PMC 4322892. PMID 24702615.
  9. ↑ Kundnani VK, Zhu L, Tak H, Wong H (2010). "Multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Evaluation of 354 consecutive cases". Indian J Orthop. 44 (1): 64–72. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.58608. PMC 2822422. PMID 20165679.
  10. ↑ Owen JH (1999). "The application of intraoperative monitoring during surgery for spinal deformity". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 24 (24): 2649–62. PMID 10635528.
  11. ↑ Pajewski TN, Arlet V, Phillips LH (2007). "Current approach on spinal cord monitoring: the point of view of the neurologist, the anesthesiologist and the spine surgeon". Eur Spine J. 16 Suppl 2: S115–29. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0419-6. PMC 2072895. PMID 17619913.
  12. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.054 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Vedantam R, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Linville DL (2000). "Comparison of push-prone and lateral-bending radiographs for predicting postoperative coronal alignment in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliotic curves". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 25 (1): 76–81. PMID 10647164.
  14. ↑ Yaszay B, Jazayeri R, Lonner B (2009). "The effect of surgical approaches on pulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". J Spinal Disord Tech. 22 (4): 278–83. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e31816d2530. PMID 19494748.
  15. ↑ Smith RM, Dickson RA (1994). "Changes in residual volume relative to vital capacity and total lung capacity after arthrodesis of the spine in patients who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 76 (1): 153. PMID 8288659.
  16. ↑ Winter RB, Lovell WW, Moe JH (1975). "Excessive thoracic lordosis and loss of pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 57 (7): 972–7. PMID 1184646.
  17. ↑ Little DG, Song KM, Katz D, Herring JA (2000). "Relationship of peak height velocity to other maturity indicators in idiopathic scoliosis in girls". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82 (5): 685–93. PMID 10819279.
  18. ↑ Aroeira RM, Leal JS, de Melo Pertence AE (2011). "New method of scoliosis assessment: preliminary results using computerized photogrammetry". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36 (19): 1584–91. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181f7cfaa. PMID 21245778.

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