Scoliosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]
Overview
The most common cause of scoliosis is idiopathic. Less common causes of scoliosis include congenital and neuromuscular.
Causes
There are three general causes of scoliosis:
- Congenital (present at birth) scoliosis is due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae in utero.[1][2]
- Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by problems such as poor muscle control or muscle weakness, or paralysis due to diseases such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and polio.[3]
- Idiopathic scoliosis is scoliosis of unknown cause. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents is the most common type.[4]
Life-threatening Causes
- There are no life-threatening causes of scoliosis, however complications resulting from untreated scoliosis is common.
Common causes
Common causes of scoliosis include:[4]
Less Common Causes
Less Common causes of scoliosis can be divided into:[3][4]
Nonstructural scoliosis
- Appendicitis
- Local inflammation
- Leg length discrepancy
- Muscle spasms
Structural scoliosis
- Amyoplasia congenita
- Arthrogryposis
- Bechterew's Disease
- Benign tumors
- Brucella infection of the spine
- Cerebral Palsy
- Chondrodysplasia
- Dislocation
- Dwarfism
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Fredrick's Ataxia
- Hemivertebra
- Homocystinuria
- Irradiation
- Malignant tumors
- Marfan's Syndrome
- Morquio's Disease
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
- Polyomyelitis
- Postoperative
- Rheumatic disease of the spine
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rickets
- Salmonella infection of the spine
- Scheuermann's disease
- Spinal cord trauma
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Still's Disease
- Syringomyelia
- Tuberculosis of the spine
- Unilateral bar
- VonRecklinghausen's Disease
Genetic Causes
- Scoliosis may be caused by a mutations in the Mendelian gene, including:
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Dwarfism. |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Appendicitis. |
| Genetic | Chondrodysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Fredrick's Ataxia, Marfan's Syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Unilateral bar and VonRecklinghausen's Disease. |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Postoperative. |
| Infectious Disease | Brucella infection of the spine, Polyomyelitis, Salmonella infection of the spine and Tuberculosis of the spine. |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Local inflammation, Leg length discrepancy, Muscle spasm, Amyoplasia congenita, Arthrogryposis, Bechterew's Disease, Benign tumors, Brucella infection of the spine, Cerebral Palsy, Chondrodysplasia, Dislocation, Dwarfism, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Hemivertebra, Malignant tumors, Muscular Dystrophy, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Rheumatic disease of the spine, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rickets, Salmonella infection of the spine, Scheuermann's disease, Spinal cord trauma, Spinal muscular atrophy, Still's Disease, Tuberculosis of the spine and Unilateral bar. |
| Neurologic | Cerebral Palsy, Fredrick's Ataxia, Muscular Dystrophy, Polyomyelitis, Scheuermann's disease, Spinal cord trauma, Spinal muscular atrophy and Syringomyelia. |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Homocystinuria, Morquio's Disease, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis and Rickets. |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Benign tumors, Irradiation and Malignant tumors. |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Bechterew's Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatic disease of the spine and Still's Disease. |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Spinal cord trauma. |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Irradiation and Postoperative. |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
- Appendicitis
- Amyoplasia congenita
- Arthrogryposis
- Bechterew's Disease
- Benign tumors
- Brucella infection of the spine
- Cerebral Palsy
- Chondrodysplasia
- Dislocation
- Dwarfism
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Fredrick's Ataxia
- Hemivertebra
- Homocystinuria
- Idiopathic
- Irradiation
- Leg length discrepancy
- Local inflammation
- Malignant tumors
- Marfan's Syndrome
- Morquio's Disease
- Muscle spasms
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
- Polyomyelitis
- Postoperative
- Rheumatic disease of the spine
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Rickets
- Salmonella infection of the spine
- Scheuermann's disease
- Spinal cord trauma
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Still's Disease
- Syringomyelia
- Tuberculosis of the spine
- Unilateral bar
- VonRecklinghausen's Disease
References
- ↑ Winter RB, Moe JH (1960,Jan 01). "Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 50 (1): 1-15. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Imagama S, Kawakami N (2005). "Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation". J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. 20: 20–25.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McCarthy, Richard E. (1999). "MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 435–449. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1. ISSN 0030-5898.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.