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| ==Progress== | | ==Progress== |
| ===Antiviral Medications===
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| There are three types of treatment groups:
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| #[[Interferon]] (IFN)
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| #[[Antivirals|Nucleoside analogs]]
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| #[[Antivirals|Nucleotide analogs]]
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| ====First Line agents====
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| =====Entecavir (ETV)=====
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| *An anti-HBV nucleoside analog
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| *A 94% clearance rate after 5 years of treatment is observed in HBeAg positive patients.<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Chronic Hepatitis B: Integrating Long-Term Treatment Data and Strategies to Improve Outcomes in Clinical Practice | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3337661/ | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| *A 90% clearance rate after 48 weeks of treatment is observed in HBeAg negative patients.<ref name="Lai-2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lai | first1 = CL. | last2 = Shouval | first2 = D. | last3 = Lok | first3 = AS. | last4 = Chang | first4 = TT. | last5 = Cheinquer | first5 = H. | last6 = Goodman | first6 = Z. | last7 = DeHertogh | first7 = D. | last8 = Wilber | first8 = R. | last9 = Zink | first9 = RC. | title = Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 354 | issue = 10 | pages = 1011-20 | month = Mar | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa051287 | PMID = 16525138 }}</ref>
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| *A necroinflammation improvement of 96% and fibrosis improvement of 88% is seen after a treatment for 6 years.<ref name="www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = First-line treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir or tenofovir in ‘real-life’ settings: from clinical trials to clinical practice | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489060/ | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| =====Tenofovir (TDF) ===== | | ===Overview=== |
| *An anti-HBV nucleotide analog
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| *A 68% clearance rate in HBV DNA after 4 years of treatment is observed in HBeAg positive patients.<ref name="jid.oxfordjournals.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/3/415.full | url = http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/3/415.full | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| *A 84% clearance rate in HBV DNA after 4 years of treatment is observed in HBeAg negative patients.
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| =====Interferons===== | | ===Prevalence=== |
| *Antiviral and antiproliferative glycoprotein.
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| *No antiviral resistance have been noted
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| *Best results noted with genotype A or B who are HBeAg positive.
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| ====Second line agents==== | | ===Incidence=== |
| =====Telbivudine (LDT)=====
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| *[[Antivirals|Nucleoside analog]]
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| *Worse resistance than first line agents and not indicated if resistance to other nucleoside analogs are noted.
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| =====Adefovir (ADV)===== | | ===Age=== |
| *[[Antivirals|Nucleotide analog]]
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| *Worse resistance than first line agents
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| *Used in cases of nucleotide analog resistance.
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| =====Lamivudine===== | | ===Gender=== |
| *[[Antivirals|Nucleoside analog]]
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| *Has a high rate of resistance and hence not used currently.
| | ===Race=== |
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| | ===Developed Countries=== |
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| | ===Developing Countries=== |
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| ==Pathogenesis== | | ==Pathogenesis== |
Progress
Overview
Prevalence
Incidence
Age
Gender
Race
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
Pathogenesis
Treatment
When listeric meningitis occurs, the overall mortality may reach 70%; from septicemia 50%, from perinatal/neonatal infections greater than 80%. In infections during pregnancy, the mother usually survives. Reports of successful treatment with parenteral penicillin or ampicillin exist. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been shown effective in patients allergic to penicillin.
Bacteriophage treatments have been developed by several companies. EBI Food Safety and Intralytix both have products suitable for treatment of the bacteria. The FDA of the United States approved a cocktail of six bacteriophages from Intralytix, and a one type phage product from EBI Food Safety designed to kill the bacteria L. monocytogenes. Uses would potentially include spraying it on fruits and ready-to-eat meat such as sliced ham and turkey.
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