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Vitamin D deficiency Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide and the incidence is increasing in the recent years. In the US, vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent among non-white ethnic groups. The prevalence is different based on different laboratory methods and the cut-off for the vitamin D deficiency.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- According to Institute of Medicine (IOM), based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006, there is an overall 18.8% prevalence of serum 25OHD concentrations below 40 nmol/L in the US. [1]
| Prevalence of serum vitamin D concentrations below 40 nmol/l | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Mexican American | Others | |
| Percent | 18.8 (16.3–21.5) | 10.6 (8.9–12.4) | 53.6 (48.9–58.2) | 27.2 (22.8–32.0) | 27.2 (23.2–31.7) |
- However, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) in 2001-2006 shows that one-quarter were at risk of vitamin D inadequacy (serum 25OHD 30–49 nmol/L), and 8% were at risk of vitamin D deficiency (serum 25OHD less than 30 nmol/L). [2]
| Serum 25OHD status of persons over 1 year old: United States, 2001-2006 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possibly harmful | Sufficient | Inadequate | Deficient | |
| Level | > 125 nmol/L | 50-124 nmol/L | 30-49 nmol/L | <30 nmol/L |
| Percentage | 1% | 67% | 24% | 8% |
- Statistics from Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), Cycle 1, 2007–2009 shows that 13% of Canadians have vitamin D level below 40 nmol/L. [1]
- Naugler et al. reported that based on the results from Calgary Laboratory Services and Census Canada data in 2010-2011 on individuals older than 25 years old residing in Calgary, Alberta, 26% of individuals had vitamin D levels of less than 50 nmol/L. [3]
Age
- In both sexes, the prevalence was lowest in children aged 1–8 years. Risk of deficiency increased significantly with age until age 30 in males and age 18 in females, after which it did not change significantly with age. [2]
Gender
- There is a slight increase in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in female than male. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) in 2001-2006, the season-adjusted prevalence at risk of deficiency by age ranged from 1% to 8% in males and 1% to 12% in females. [2]
Race
- Non-hispanic white people are at lower risk of vitamin D deficiency than African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians.
- Analysis from Gozdzik A et all study on 107 young adults in Toronto during winter of 2007, shows an association between vitamin D level and skin pigmentation. 34.4% of individuals with European ancestry had vitamin D levels of less than 50 nmol/L, whereas East and South Asians had 85.2% and 93.5% respectively. [4]
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Proportion of the Population Above and Below 40 nmol/L Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Cumulative Distribution of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations: United States and Canada - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Looker AC, Johnson CL, Lacher DA, et al. Vitamin D status: United States, 2001–2006. NCHS data brief, no 59. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2011.
- ↑ Naugler, Christopher; Zhang, Jianguo; Henne, Dan; Woods, Paul; Hemmelgarn, Brenda R (2013). "Association of vitamin D status with socio-demographic factors in Calgary, Alberta: an ecological study using Census Canada data". BMC Public Health. 13 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-316. ISSN 1471-2458.
- ↑ Gozdzik, Agnes; Barta, Jodi Lynn; Wu, Hongyu; Wagner, Dennis; Cole, David E; Vieth, Reinhold; Whiting, Susan; Parra, Esteban J (2008). "Low wintertime vitamin D levels in a sample of healthy young adults of diverse ancestry living in the Toronto area: associations with vitamin D intake and skin pigmentation". BMC Public Health. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-336. ISSN 1471-2458.