Rift valley fever overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Rift valley fever}} | {{Rift valley fever}} | ||
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
[[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever (RVF)]] is a [[Zoonotic|zoonotic]] disease caused by the RVF Virus (RVFV) that mainly affects livestock and is responsible for illness in humans. The disease process in humans ranges from a simple [[Fever|febrile]] illness to fatal hemorrhagic conditions. Other symptoms include eye involvement and [[Encephalitis|encephalitis]]. RVF is also known to have caused [[Miscarriage|miscarriage]] in women. Mosquitoes, livestock and humans form parts of the virus’ [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]]. With a complex [[Transmission (medicine)|transmission]] process and lack of specific [[Vaccine|vaccines]] or treatment makes the disease difficult to control. Since mosquito breeding is an important factor for the spread of disease, regions with heavy rainfall are at risk to have increased numbers of cases and mortality. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
The disease | In the year 1930, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was discovered as the [[Pathogen|pathogen]] causing an increased incidence of [[Hepatitis|hepatitis]] in animals belonging to the Rift Valley in Kenya.<ref>Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. an undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 1931; 34:545–579</ref> The primarily affected animals were sheep, with deaths and miscarriages in sheep along with mortality in lambs born recently. | ||
==Classification== | |||
*There is no classification used for [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | |||
RVF is transmitted to humans either via [[mosquito|mosquito]] bite or via exposure to infected animals. There is no evidence of human to human transmission of the disease. The disease manifests in three major stages: | |||
*'''Early infection''' | |||
**It is mainly due to entry and survival of the virus in [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and [[Dendritic cell|dendritic cells]]. | |||
*'''Liver infection''' | |||
**The virus most commonly infects liver cells and causes [[Inflammation|inflammation]] via [[Interleukin 10|IL-10]]. | |||
*'''Late infection''' | |||
**The virus begins to invade [[neuron|neuronal cells]] leading to neurological symptoms. | |||
==Cause== | |||
[[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). The virus is a single-stranded [[RNA|RNA]] virus belonging to the [[Bunyaviridae|Bunyaviridae]] family. | |||
==Differentiating Rift valley fever from other Conditions== | |||
The majority of differential diagnoses for RVF arise from other diseases which are prevalent in travelers and present with fever. All these disease would share a similar history of recent travel to an endemic area, followed by development of fever and body aches. | |||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
The [[Virus|virus]] is able to stay active outside the human body even when it is not being actively transmitted amongst animals. Heavy rain causes [[Mosquito|mosquitos]] to breed in large numbers, which translates into increased transmission to livestock. As more animals get infected, the risk of the virus being transmitted to humans increases. Humans acquire the [[Infection|infection]] by being exposed to animal fluids and products. Most of the disease surges till now have been seen in some regions of Africa and countries belonging to the Arabian peninsula. Since its discovery around the year 1930, there have been [[Outbreak|outbreaks]] of RVF, starting in the 1950 in the African countries, South Africa and Kenya. | |||
==Risk factors== | |||
Risk factors applicable to [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] are similar to other [[Zoonosis|zoonotic]] diseases. Exposure to [[Mosquito|mosquitos]] feeding on infected animals is the main cause of acquiring the [[Infection|infection]]. All human activities and habits which expose them to mosquitos or the infected animals would qualify as risk factors of the disease. | |||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | |||
[[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] is a self-limiting illness in majority of patients. The symptoms appear around 2-3 days after exposure. The main symptoms are [[Fever|fever]] and body aches. Fever usually subsides by 3-4 days after the beginning of symptoms. Complications can arise if the fever recurs again after remission and the patient continues to be febrile. Neurological, ophthalmological and hemorrhagic features are the commonly seen complications. Prognosis is good for most of the patients who only have the febrile illness which subsides on its own. The patients who suffer from complications usually recover at a slower pace out of which some succumb to the complications. | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
Diagnosing [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] requires index of suspicion for individuals presenting with [[Fever|fever]], especially after exposure to infected animals or [[Mosquito|mosquitos]]. | |||
===Diagnostic study of choice=== | |||
*[[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] is used to diagnose RFV in the earlier days of the illness. | |||
*[[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|ELISA test]] can also be used for diagnosis during the early phase of the disease. | |||
*[[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]] Antibodies test can be used if 3-4 days have passed since the onset of symptoms | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
*The hallmark of [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] is the development of a [[Fever|febrile]] illness in the individual with a history of recent exposure to animals or mosquitos. | |||
*Other common symptoms include [[Headache|headache]], [[Fatigue|fatigue]], joint pain and [[Anorexia|loss of appetite]]. | |||
*Individuals may also present directly with complications of RVF like [[Confusion|disorientation]], [[Jaundice|yellowish discoloration of skin]] or bleeding from mucosal sites. | |||
===Physical Examination=== | |||
*The physical examination in individuals with [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] can be significant for: | |||
**[[Fever|Fever]] | |||
**[[Hypotension|Low Blood Pressure]] | |||
**In cases of severe RVF, findings like [[Rash|body rash]], [[Jaundice|yellow colored skin]] or [[Confusion|disorientation]] may be seen. | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | |||
*[[Anemia|Anemia]] | |||
*Deranged coagulation profile | |||
*[[Jaundice|Raised serum bilirubin]] | |||
===Electrocardiogram=== | |||
There are no [[ECG]] findings associated with [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
===X Ray=== | |||
There are no [[x-ray]] findings associated with [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
===Echocardiography and Ultrasound=== | |||
On [[ultrasound imaging]] of the abdomen [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] may show an [[Hepatomegaly|enlarged liver]] and an [[Splenomegaly|enlarged spleen]]. | |||
===CT scan=== | |||
There are no [[CT scan]] findings associated with [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
===MRI scan=== | |||
There are no [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] findings findings associated with [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical therapy=== | |||
The optimal [[therapy]] for [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]] is conservative and supportive management with anti-pyretics and [[Intravenous fluids|intravenous fluids]]. | |||
===Surgery=== | |||
There are no established surgical therapies for [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
===Primary Prevention=== | |||
*Avoiding exposure to ill animals. | |||
*Protection from [[Mosquito|mosquito]] bites. | |||
*[[Vaccine|Vaccination]] of the livestock. | |||
===Secondary Prevention=== | |||
There are no established measures for the [[Prevention (medical)|secondary prevention]] of [[Rift valley fever|Rift valley fever]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:22, 17 July 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aakash Hans, MD[2]
Overview
Rift valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by the RVF Virus (RVFV) that mainly affects livestock and is responsible for illness in humans. The disease process in humans ranges from a simple febrile illness to fatal hemorrhagic conditions. Other symptoms include eye involvement and encephalitis. RVF is also known to have caused miscarriage in women. Mosquitoes, livestock and humans form parts of the virus’ life cycle. With a complex transmission process and lack of specific vaccines or treatment makes the disease difficult to control. Since mosquito breeding is an important factor for the spread of disease, regions with heavy rainfall are at risk to have increased numbers of cases and mortality.
Historical Perspective
In the year 1930, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was discovered as the pathogen causing an increased incidence of hepatitis in animals belonging to the Rift Valley in Kenya.[1] The primarily affected animals were sheep, with deaths and miscarriages in sheep along with mortality in lambs born recently.
Classification
- There is no classification used for Rift valley fever.
Pathophysiology
RVF is transmitted to humans either via mosquito bite or via exposure to infected animals. There is no evidence of human to human transmission of the disease. The disease manifests in three major stages:
- Early infection
- It is mainly due to entry and survival of the virus in macrophages and dendritic cells.
- Liver infection
- The virus most commonly infects liver cells and causes inflammation via IL-10.
- Late infection
- The virus begins to invade neuronal cells leading to neurological symptoms.
Cause
Rift valley fever is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). The virus is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family.
Differentiating Rift valley fever from other Conditions
The majority of differential diagnoses for RVF arise from other diseases which are prevalent in travelers and present with fever. All these disease would share a similar history of recent travel to an endemic area, followed by development of fever and body aches.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The virus is able to stay active outside the human body even when it is not being actively transmitted amongst animals. Heavy rain causes mosquitos to breed in large numbers, which translates into increased transmission to livestock. As more animals get infected, the risk of the virus being transmitted to humans increases. Humans acquire the infection by being exposed to animal fluids and products. Most of the disease surges till now have been seen in some regions of Africa and countries belonging to the Arabian peninsula. Since its discovery around the year 1930, there have been outbreaks of RVF, starting in the 1950 in the African countries, South Africa and Kenya.
Risk factors
Risk factors applicable to Rift valley fever are similar to other zoonotic diseases. Exposure to mosquitos feeding on infected animals is the main cause of acquiring the infection. All human activities and habits which expose them to mosquitos or the infected animals would qualify as risk factors of the disease.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Rift valley fever is a self-limiting illness in majority of patients. The symptoms appear around 2-3 days after exposure. The main symptoms are fever and body aches. Fever usually subsides by 3-4 days after the beginning of symptoms. Complications can arise if the fever recurs again after remission and the patient continues to be febrile. Neurological, ophthalmological and hemorrhagic features are the commonly seen complications. Prognosis is good for most of the patients who only have the febrile illness which subsides on its own. The patients who suffer from complications usually recover at a slower pace out of which some succumb to the complications.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing Rift valley fever requires index of suspicion for individuals presenting with fever, especially after exposure to infected animals or mosquitos.
Diagnostic study of choice
- RT-PCR is used to diagnose RFV in the earlier days of the illness.
- ELISA test can also be used for diagnosis during the early phase of the disease.
- IgM Antibodies test can be used if 3-4 days have passed since the onset of symptoms
History and Symptoms
- The hallmark of Rift valley fever is the development of a febrile illness in the individual with a history of recent exposure to animals or mosquitos.
- Other common symptoms include headache, fatigue, joint pain and loss of appetite.
- Individuals may also present directly with complications of RVF like disorientation, yellowish discoloration of skin or bleeding from mucosal sites.
Physical Examination
- The physical examination in individuals with Rift valley fever can be significant for:
- Fever
- Low Blood Pressure
- In cases of severe RVF, findings like body rash, yellow colored skin or disorientation may be seen.
Laboratory Findings
- Anemia
- Deranged coagulation profile
- Raised serum bilirubin
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with Rift valley fever.
X Ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with Rift valley fever.
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
On ultrasound imaging of the abdomen Rift valley fever may show an enlarged liver and an enlarged spleen.
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with Rift valley fever.
MRI scan
There are no MRI findings findings associated with Rift valley fever.
Treatment
Medical therapy
The optimal therapy for Rift valley fever is conservative and supportive management with anti-pyretics and intravenous fluids.
Surgery
There are no established surgical therapies for Rift valley fever.
Primary Prevention
- Avoiding exposure to ill animals.
- Protection from mosquito bites.
- Vaccination of the livestock.
Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of Rift valley fever.
References
- ↑ Daubney R, Hudson JR, Garnham PC. Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. an undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 1931; 34:545–579