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==Overview==
==Overview==
Respiratory acidosis is a clinical condition that occurs when the lungs are not able to remove enough of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the body.Respiratory acidosis may be classified into two groups: Acute respiratory acidosis and Chronic respiratory acidosis.
[[Respiratory acidosis]] is a clinical [[condition]] associated with [[Lung|lungs]] dysfunction in order to remove excess [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) from the body. [[Respiratory acidosis]] may be classified into two groups: [[Acute]] [[respiratory acidosis]] and [[Chronic]] [[respiratory acidosis]].


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
*[[Respiratory acidosis]] is classified into [[acute]] and [[chronic]] groups, depending on the duration.
===Acute respiratory acidosis===
===Acute respiratory acidosis===
* Acute respiratory acidosis occurs when PaCO2 is increased above the upper limit of the reference range >45 mmHg with an accompanying acidemia (ie, pH <7.35).
* [[Acute]] [[respiratory acidosis]] occurs when [[PaCO2]] is increased above the upper limit of the [[References|reference]] range >45 mmHg with an accompanying [[acidemia]] (ie, pH <7.35).


* In patients with pure acute respiratory acidosis, the levels of hypercapnia and bicarbonate correctly predicts the pH.  
* In patients with pure [[acute]] [[respiratory acidosis]], the levels of [[hypercapnia]] and [[bicarbonate]] correctly predicts the [[pH]].  
* In contrast, for patients who develop acute respiratory acidosis, the measured pH will be higher than predicted.
* In contrast, in patients who develop acute [[respiratory acidosis]], the measured [[pH]] will be higher than predicted.
* Acute respiratory acidosis occurs due to the result of sudden failure of ventilation. This failure may be due to Central nervous system(CNS) disease or any drug-induced respiratory depression.
* [[Acute]] [[respiratory acidosis]] occurs due to the result of sudden failure of [[Ventilation (physiology)|ventilation]]. This failure may be due to [[central nervous system]]([[CNS]]) disease or any drug-induced [[respiratory]] [[depression]].
* Inability to ventilate suffiently , due to paralysis  like for eg, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS], Guillain-Barré syndrome, muscular dystrophy.see
* Inability to ventilate sufficiently , due to [[respiratory]] [[muscle]] [[paralysis]] disorders including [[myasthenia gravis]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] [[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|ALS]]], [[guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[muscular dystrophy]].
* Airway obstruction, usually seen in relation to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.<ref name="pmid11262556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein SK, Singh N |title=Respiratory acidosis |journal=Respir Care |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=366–83 |year=2001 |pmid=11262556 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Airway]] [[obstruction]], usually seen in patients with [[asthma]] or [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[COPD]]).<ref name="pmid11262556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein SK, Singh N |title=Respiratory acidosis |journal=Respir Care |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=366–83 |year=2001 |pmid=11262556 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22500110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruno CM, Valenti M |title=Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review |journal=J. Biomed. Biotechnol. |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=915150 |year=2012 |pmid=22500110 |pmc=3303884 |doi=10.1155/2012/915150 |url=}}</ref>
===Chronic respiratory acidosis===
===Chronic respiratory acidosis===
* Chronic respiratory acidosis occurs when  ''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub> is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range ie >45 mmHg.
* Chronic [[respiratory acidosis]] occurs when  [[PaCO2|''Pa''CO<sub>2</sub>]] is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range ie >45 mmHg.
* But the pH is at the lower limit of normal or near-normal pH (eg, pH 7.33 to 7.35) secondary to renal compensation (secretion of acid from the distal tubule).
* But the [[pH]] is at the lower limit of normal or near-normal pH (eg, pH 7.33 to 7.35) secondary to [[renal]] [[Compensation (essay)|compensation]] (secretion of acid from the [[distal tubule]]).
* Secondary to many pathologies Chronic respiratory acidosis may occur like for eg in patients who are suffering with  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involve multiple mechanisams which are as follows<ref name="pmid112625562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein SK, Singh N |title=Respiratory acidosis |journal=Respir Care |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=366–83 |year=2001 |pmid=11262556 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Chronic]] [[respiratory acidosis]] may occur [[secondary]] to many diseases such as [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]](COPD) and [[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome]] ([[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome|OHS]]) that involve multiple mechanisms including<ref name="pmid112625562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein SK, Singh N |title=Respiratory acidosis |journal=Respir Care |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=366–83 |year=2001 |pmid=11262556 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid225001102">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruno CM, Valenti M |title=Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review |journal=J. Biomed. Biotechnol. |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=915150 |year=2012 |pmid=22500110 |pmc=3303884 |doi=10.1155/2012/915150 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20488285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LK |title=Hypoventilation syndromes |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=249–70 |year=2010 |pmid=20488285 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2010.03.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19452386">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger KI, Goldring RM, Rapoport DM |title=Obesity hypoventilation syndrome |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=253–61 |year=2009 |pmid=19452386 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1222439 |url=}}</ref>
** In conditions like hypoxia and hypercapnia the responsiveness is decreased .
** In conditions with [[hypoxia]] and [[hypercapnia]], the responsiveness is decreased .
** Increased in dead space ventilation due to increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
** Increased in [[dead space]] [[ventilation]] due to increased [[ventilation-perfusion mismatch]].
** function of Diaphragm decresed due to  hyperinflation and fatigue.
** Function of [[Diaphragm]] decreased due to  [[hyperinflation]] and [[fatigue]].
** obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS).<ref name="pmid20488285">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown LK |title=Hypoventilation syndromes |journal=Clin. Chest Med. |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=249–70 |year=2010 |pmid=20488285 |doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2010.03.002 |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 20:57, 21 September 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Respiratory acidosis is a clinical condition associated with lungs dysfunction in order to remove excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. Respiratory acidosis may be classified into two groups: Acute respiratory acidosis and Chronic respiratory acidosis.

Classification

Acute respiratory acidosis

Chronic respiratory acidosis

References

  1. Epstein SK, Singh N (2001). "Respiratory acidosis". Respir Care. 46 (4): 366–83. PMID 11262556.
  2. Bruno CM, Valenti M (2012). "Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review". J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012: 915150. doi:10.1155/2012/915150. PMC 3303884. PMID 22500110.
  3. Epstein SK, Singh N (2001). "Respiratory acidosis". Respir Care. 46 (4): 366–83. PMID 11262556.
  4. Bruno CM, Valenti M (2012). "Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review". J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012: 915150. doi:10.1155/2012/915150. PMC 3303884. PMID 22500110.
  5. Brown LK (2010). "Hypoventilation syndromes". Clin. Chest Med. 31 (2): 249–70. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2010.03.002. PMID 20488285.
  6. Berger KI, Goldring RM, Rapoport DM (2009). "Obesity hypoventilation syndrome". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 30 (3): 253–61. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1222439. PMID 19452386.

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